Products – Nova Science Publishers https://novapublishers.com Publisher of Books and Journals in Medicine and Health, Science and Technology and Social Sciences Wed, 15 Feb 2023 18:52:58 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.1.1 https://novapublishers.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/cropped-nova-favicon-32x32.jpg Products – Nova Science Publishers https://novapublishers.com 32 32 Chapter 22. The Impact of Technological Systems’ Implementation on Forest Fire Confrontation Operations https://novapublishers.com/shop/chapter-22-the-impact-of-technological-systems-implementation-on-forest-fire-confrontation-operations/ Wed, 15 Feb 2023 18:52:58 +0000 https://novapublishers.com/?post_type=product&p=144225 Part of the book: The Challenges of Disaster Planning, Management, and Resilience

Abstract

Even the most advanced societies are faced with a considerable amount of challenges when it comes to forest protection against wildfires. Authorities and societies seek to address this major environmental issue through improved stakeholders’ readiness and effectiveness in forest protection. The main objective of this chapter is to inform the local authorities that the impact of technological systems introduction in disaster management is depended on the adopted organizational context and the implemented strategy. The research question of this study is to explore the role of 17 technological systems that were established in specific areas around Greece, after the mega-fires of 2007 and how reacted to the effectiveness of local communities against forest fires. The research was conducted by a mixed methodology. The material was obtained from operational officers in crisis management authorities and oversight bodies by open interviews, focus groups, participatory observations, and public databases. The outcome confirms that the adoption of an effective policy of technological systems in the context of forest protection against fires is in fact valuable but also an unexploited approach. Findings indicated that the highest benefits cannot be drawn if forest fire protection technological systems are not designed centrally and are not distributed for concurrent use by different collaborating bodies with diverse responsibilities and jurisdiction levels. It is argued that such systems should provide a unified effective administration of incidents and support the efficient coordination of resources, provided that key users actually operate properly those systems. Inefficiencies in the utilization and underperformance of technological systems often come about the lack of proper integration in terms of organizational or operational aspects. Keywords: technological systems, forest fires, disaster management, readiness and effectiveness, investment project, evaluation process, operational plan

References

[1] Ahsan, K., & Gunawan, I. (2010). Analysis of cost and schedule performance of international development projects. International Journal of Project Management, 28(1), pp. 68-78. [2] Andrews, P. L., & Queen, L. P. (2001). Fire modeling and information system technology. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 10(4), pp. 343-352. [3] Brynjolfsson, E. (1993, Dec). The productivity paradox of information technology. Communications of the ACM, 36(12), pp. 66-77. [4] Chowdary, V. & Gupta, M. K. (2018). Automatic Forest Fire Detection and Monitoring Techniques: A Survey, in Intelligent Communication, Control and Devices. Springer. p. 1111-1117. [5] Comfort, L. K., Dunn, M., Johnson, D., Skertich, R., & Zagorecki, A. (2004). Coordination in complex systems: increasing efficiency in disaster mitigation and response. International Journal of Emergency Management, 2(1), pp. 62-80. [6] Devaraj, S., & Kohli, R. (2003). Performance impacts of information technology: is actual usage the missing link? Management Science, 49(3), pp. 273-289. [7] Di Biase, V., & Laneve, G. (2018). Geostationary sensor based forest fire detection and monitoring: An improved version of the SFIDE algorithm. Remote Sens. 2018, 10, 741 [8] EFFMIS. (2013). EFFMIS: European Forest Fires Monitoring using Information Systems. Retrieved from www.effmis.eu/ProjectDeliverables/ActionsPlans.aspx [9] Faas, A. J., Velez, Anne-Lise K., Nowell, Branda L., & Steelman, Toddi A. (2019). Methodological considerations in pre- and post-emergency network identification and data collection for disaster risk reduction: Lessons from wildfire response networks in the American Northwest. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 40 (2019-11), pp.101260 [10] Gunasekaran, A., Ngai, E. W., & McGaugheyc, R. E. (2006). Information technology and systems justification: A review for research and applications. European Journal of Operational Research, 173(3), pp. 957-983. [11] Halikias, I., (2017). Statistical Methods of Analysis for Business Decisions, Ed. Rosili, Athens. [12] Hellenic fire brigade (2013). Retrieved May 21, 2013, from fireservice: http://www.fireservice.gr/pyr/site/home.csp [13] Hémond, Y., & Benoît, R. (2012). Preparedness: the state of the art and future prospects. Disaster Prevention and Management 21.4, 21(4), pp. 404-417. [14] Irani, Z. (2002). Information systems evaluation: navigating through the problem domain. Information & Management, 40(1), pp. 11-24. [15] Jain, S., & McLean, C. (2003). Simulation for emergency response: a framework for modeling and simulation for emergency response. In Proceedings of the 35th Conference on Winter Simulation: Driving Innovation (pp. 1068-1076). Winter Simulation Conference 2003. [16] Jain, S., & McLean, C. R. (2003). Modeling and simulation for emergency response. Retrieved from Workshop Report, Relevant Standards and Tools, National Institute of Standards and Technology Internal Report, NISTIR-7071: www. nist. gov/msidlibrary/doc/nistir7071. pdf [17] Jennex, M. E. (2007). Modeling emergency response systems. System Sciences. 40th Annual Hawaii International Conference on IEEE. [18] Karma, S., Zorba, E., Pallis, G. C., Statheropoulos, G., Balta, I., Mikedi, K., Vamvakari, J., Pappa, A., Chalaris, M., Xanthopoulos, G., & Statheropoulos, M. (2015). Use of unmanned vehicles in search and rescue operations in forest fires: Advantages and limitations observed in a field trial International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 13 (2015-09), pp.307-312. [19] Lederer, A. L., & Sethi, V. (1988, Sep). The Implementation of Strategic Information Systems Planning Methodologies. MIS Quarterly, 12(3), pp. 445-461. [20] Lentile, L. B., Holden, Z. A., Smith, A. M., Falkowski, M. J., Hudak, A. T., Morgan, P., & Benson, N. C. (2006). Remote sensing techniques to assess active fire characteristics and post-fire effects. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 15(3), pp. 319–345. [21] Mansor, S., Shariah, M. A., Billa, L., Setiawan, I., & Jabar, F. (2004). Spatial technology for natural risk management. Disaster Prevention and Management, 13(5), pp. 364-373. [22] Melville, N., Kraemer, K., & Gurbaxani, V. (2004). Review: Information technology and organizational performance: An integrative model of IT business value. MIS Quarterly, 28(2), pp. 283-322. [23] Molina, J. (2010). Mixed Methods Research in Strategic Management: Impact and Applications. Organizational Research Methods 000(00) 1-24. [24] Naderpour, M., Rizeei, H. M., Khakzad, N. & Pradhan, B. (2019). Forest fire induced Natech risk assessment: A survey of geospatial technologies. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 191, p.106558. [25] Palen, L., & Vieweg, S. (2008). The emergence of online widescale interaction in unexpected events: Assistance, alliance and retreat. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), (pp. 117-126). [26] Palen, L., Anderson, K. M., Mark, G., Martin, J., Sicker, D., Palmer, M., & Grunwald, D. (2010, April). A vision for technology-mediated support for public participation & assistance in mass emergencies & disasters. In Proceedings of the 2010 ACM-BCS Visions of Computer Science Conference, British Computer Society, p. 8. [27] Pearson, C. M., & Mitroff, I. I. (1993). From crisis prone to crisis prepared: A framework for crisis management. The Academy of Management Executive, 7(1), pp. 48-59. [28] Pradhan, B., Suliman, M. D., & Awang, M. A. (2007). Forest fire susceptibility and risk mapping using remote sensing and geographical information systems (GIS). Disaster Prevention and Management, 16(3), pp. 344-352. [29] Rai, A., Patnayakuni, R., & Patnayakuni, N. (1997, July). Technology investment and business performance. Communications of the ACM, 40(7), pp. 89-97. [30] Reddick, C. (2011). Information technology and emergency management: preparedness and planning in US states. Disasters, 35(1). [31] Setiawan, I., Mahmud, A., Mansor, S., Shariff, A. M., & Nuruddin, A. (2004). GIS-grid-based and multi criteria analysis for identifying and mapping peat swamp forest fire hazard in Pahang, Malaysia. Disaster Prevention and Management, 13(5), pp. 379-386. [32] Sharma, L. K., Kanga, S., Nathawa, M. S., Sinha, S., & Pandey, P. C. (2012). Fuzzy AHP for forest fire risk modeling. Disaster Prevention and Management, 21(2), pp. 160-171. [33] Suarez-Alvarez, M. M., Pham, D. T., Prostov, M. Y., & Prostov, Y. I. (2012). “Statistical Approach to Normalization of Feature Vectors and Clustering of Mixed Datasets.” Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 468 (2145), 2630–2651. [34] Toledo, Tomer., Marom, Ido., Grimberg, Einat., Bekhor, Shlomo. (2018). Analysis of evacuation behavior in a wildfire event. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 31 (2018-10), pp. 1366-1373. [35] Wade, M., & Hulland, J. (2004). Review: The resource-based view and information systems research: Review, extension, and suggestions for future research. MIS Quarterly, 28(1), pp. 107-142. [36] WWF Greece, (2007). Ecological report of the catastrophic fires of August 2007 in the Peloponnese, Retrieved November 28, 2021, from: http://www.env-edu.gr/Documents/FIRE_report_Peloponnisos.pdf [37] Xanthopoulos, G. (2009, November 18-19). Lessons learned from the dramatic fires of 2007 and 2009 in Greece. Retrieved from Xanthopoulos, 2009: http://www.jornadesbombers.ctfc.cat/ang/documentacio.htm [38] Xanthopoulos, G., & Varela, V. (1999). Forest fire risk distribution in Greece based on the data for the 1983-93 period. Geotechnical Scientific Issues, 10(2), pp. 178-190.]]> Chapter 21. Training and Knowledge Sharing Platform for First Responders and Educational Tools for Students’ and Citizens’ Awareness and Preparedness Against Natural and Manmade Disasters and Risks https://novapublishers.com/shop/chapter-21-training-and-knowledge-sharing-platform-for-first-responders-and-educational-tools-for-students-and-citizens-awareness-and-preparedness-against-natural-and-manmade-disast/ Wed, 15 Feb 2023 18:38:12 +0000 https://novapublishers.com/?post_type=product&p=144223 Part of the book: The Challenges of Disaster Planning, Management, and Resilience

Abstract

The overarching objective of the RESISTANT project is to build the first European Crisis Training Platform to train first responders through threefold comprehensive training: educational training with the state-of-the-art knowledge in safety, including tools for characterisation of hazards and associated risks, operational training on mock-up real scale transport, and innovative virtual reality training reproducing the entire accident scenarios, intervention strategies and tactics, including the whole chain of command and communications between all members of the first responders team, facility managers, and public (e.g., volunteer fire fighters, children, citizens with disabilities). RESISTANT put also in place a virtual ‘agora’ for first and second responders, academia, market practitioners, volunteers and other civil protection stakeholders to share knowledge and exchange best practices. This chapter presents the RESISTANT’s educational and training infrastructure which will be used to train first responders through threefold comprehensive training: educational training, operational training, virtual reality training. The educational training aims to equip first responders with state-of-the-art knowledge in safety. The operational-level training consists of practical exercises (table-top and Full-Scale Exercises) based on different emergency scenarios, designed in a way that they capture the current needs of the key stakeholders defined in target groups, while the virtual reality training is based on a virtual reality facility that will expand training potential and the effect of educational and operational training. It will reproduce the entire accident scenarios, intervention strategies, and tactics, including the whole chain of command and communications between all members of the first responders’ team, facility managers, and the public. Keywords: crisis training platform, first responders, hazards, risks

References

“About the Third UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction.” UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction. Dewey, J. (1938) Experience and Education. New York: Collier Books. Phillips, D. C. (1995). The good, the bad, and the ugly: The many faces of constructivism. Educational researcher, 24(7), 5-12. UNISDR.“About the Hyogo Framework for Action (2005–2015).” Prevention Web. United Nations General Assembly Session 58 Resolution 214. A/RES/58/214 27 February 2003. Retrieved 26 August 2021. United Nations General Assembly Session 67 Resolution 209. A/RES/67/209 12 March 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2021. Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.]]> Chapter 20. Vulnerability Analysis Tool for First Responders: Results of a Case Study https://novapublishers.com/shop/chapter-20-vulnerability-analysis-tool-for-first-responders-results-of-a-case-study/ Wed, 15 Feb 2023 18:30:48 +0000 https://novapublishers.com/?post_type=product&p=144221 Part of the book: The Challenges of Disaster Planning, Management, and Resilience

Abstract

Vulnerability strongly influences the magnitude of negative consequences of natural and manmade disasters for people and communities. Manmade disasters (e.g., CBRNe incidents, terrorist attacks) can lead to a large number of victims and often require evacuation. Therefore, we developed a vulnerability analysis tool. With our tool, the potential number of affected people and buildings can be estimated, which in turn serves as relevant information for first responders to assess the required resources from a technical and medical perspective. We have developed and evaluated the vulnerability analysis tool for calculating the number of affected buildings as well as the number of affected people, categorized by their potential injuries as well as the medical resources needed for their on-site treatment. The tool offers the functionality to estimate the number of vulnerable people that may need special care (e.g., people who are not mobile). It can also be used beforehand, for a fast calculation at the beginning of, or during the operation. The main findings of the mixed-methods evaluation study highlight the tools’ potential for the practice of first responders, due to its simplicity. Its functional and trustworthy calculations were emphasized. Suggested enhancements include adding specific categories (e.g., buildings equally used for private and business) as well as combining it with other tools (e.g., tools for localizing of POIs; online GIS systems) for a faster and more valid estimation of the affected area and identification of buildings. Keywords: vulnerability, manmade disasters, CBRNe, evaluation, vulnerable people, first responders

References

Bard, D., P. Verger, and P. Hubert. “Chernobyl, 10 years after: health consequences.” Epidemiologic Reviews 19, no. 2 (1997): 187-204. Baur, Nina., and Jörg Blasius. Handbuch Methoden der empirischen Sozialforschung [Handbook of Methods in Empirical Social Research]. Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 2019. Blaikie, P., T. Cannon, I. Davis, and B. Wisner. “At Risk: Natural Hazards, People’s Vulnerability.” Routledge, London, 1994: 333-352. Cutter, Susan L., Bryan J. Boruff, and W. Lynn Shirley. “Social Vulnerability to Environmental Hazards.” Social science quarterly 84, no. 2 (2003): 242-261. Cutter, Susan, L. “Vulnerability to environmental hazards.” Progress in Humand Geography 20, no. 4 (1996): 529-539. Davis, Fred D. A Technology Acceptance Model For Empirically Testing New End-User Information Systems: Theory and Results. Massachusetts: PHD Thesis., 1985. Dwyer, A., C. Zoppou, O. Nielsen, S. Day, and S. Roberts. “Quantifying Social Vulnerability: A methodology for identifying those at risk to natural hazards.” Geoscience Australia Record, no. 2004/14 (2004): 1-101. Eldar, R. “The needs of elderly persons in natural disasters - observations and recommendations.” Disasters 16 (1992): 355-358. Fekete, A., and G. Hufschmidt. Atlas der Verwundbarkeit und Resilienz – Pilotausgabe zu Deutschland, Österreich, Liechtenstein und Schweiz [Atlas of Vulnerability and Resilience - Pilot edition on Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein and Switzerland]. Köln & Bonn: TH Köln, University of Applied Science und Universität Bonn, 2016. Fernandez, L. S., D. Byard, C.-C. Lin, S. Benson, and J. A. Barbera. “Frail elderly as disaster victims: emergency management strategies.” Prehospital DIsaster Medicine 17 (2002): 67-74. Geyer, Constanze, Veronika Simanko, Georg Aumayr, and Andreas Peer. ERIMAPS. Echtzeit-Risikokarten zur Entscheidungsunterstützung bei CBRNe-Lagen. Deliverable 7.1 Akzeptanzanalyse [ERIMAPS. Real-time risk maps for decision support in CBRNe situations. Deliverable 7.1 acceptance analysis]. FFG - KIRAS, 2021. Glade, T. “Vulnerability Assessment in Landslide Risk Analysis.” Die Erde 134, no. 2 (2003): 123-146. Hemingway, Laura, and Mark Priestley. “Natural Hazards, Human Vulnerability and Disabling Societies: A Disaster for Disabled People?” Centre for Disability Studies, University of Leeds (UK), 2006: 1-13. HIC. Weekly Humanitarian Overview - Batticaloa District. Sri Lanka: Humanitarian Information Center (HIC), 2005. Kett, M., S. Stubbs, and R. Yeo. Disability in conflict and emergency situations: Focus on Tsunami-affected areas. Norwich: International Disability and Development Consortium, University of East Anglia, 2005. Klimont, Jeannette, and Erika Baldaszti. Österreichische Gesundheitsbefragung 2014 - Hauptergebnisse des Austrian Health Interview Survey (ATHIS) und methodische Dokumentation [Austrian Health Survey 2014 - main results of the Austrian Health Interview Survey (ATHIS) and methodical documentation]. Wien: Bundesministerium für Gesundheit (BMG) und Bundesgesundheitsargentur, 2015. Laska, S., and B. H. Morrow. “Social vulnerabilities and Hurricane Katrina: an unnatural disaster in New Orleans.” Marine Technology Society Journal 40, no. 4 (2006): 16-26. Lemyre, Louise, Stacey Gibson, Jennifer Zlepnig, Robin Meyer-Macleod, and Paul Boutette. “Emergency preparedness for higher risk populations: Psychological considerations.” Radiation Protection Dosimetry 134, no. 3-4 (2009): 207-214. Li, Fengying, Jun Bi, Lei Huang, Changsheng Qu, Jie Yang, and Quanmin Bu. “Mapping human vulnerability to chemical accidents in the vicinity of chemical industry parks.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 179 (2010): 500-506. Lindell, M. K., and R. W. Perry. Communicating Environmental Risk. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publikations, 2004. Meskouris, K., H. Sadegth-Azar, M. Bérézowsky, H. Dümling, and R. Frenzel. “Schnellbewertung der Erdbebengefährdung von Gebäuden [Rapid seismic hazard assessment of buildings].” Bauingenieur 76, no. 7/8 (2001): 370-376. Meyer, Michael, and Thomas Reutterer. “Sampling-Methoden in der Marktforschung. Wie man Untersuchungseinheiten auswählen kann [Sampling methods in market research. How to select research units].” In Qualitative Marktforschung: Konzepte, Methoden, Analysen. 2. Aufl., edited by R. & Holzmüller, H. (Hrsg.) Buber, 229-245. Wiesbaden: Gabler, 2009. Morrow, B. H. “Identifying and mapping community vulnerability.” Disasters 23 (1999): 1-18. Pfefferbaum, B. “Posttraumatic stress disorder in children: a review of the past 10 years.” Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 36, no. 11 (1997): 1503-1511. Scheuer, Sabrina, and Georg Aumayr. ERIMAPS. Echtzeit-Risikokarten zur Entscheidungsunterstützung bei CBRNe-Lagen. Deliverable 3.3 Vulnerabilitätsanalyse [ERIMAPS. Real-time risk maps for decision support in CBRNe situations. Deliverable 3.3 vulnerability analysis]. FFG - KIRAS, 2021. Tahmid, Mohammed, Sajib Dey, and Sultana Razia Syeda. “Mapping human vulnerability and risk due to chemical accidents.” Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 68 (2020): 1-17. Tierney, K. “Social inequality, hazards, and disasters.” In On Risk and Disaster: Lessons from Hurricane Katrina, 109-128. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006. Usability.de. Think Aloud Method. 2022. https://www.usability.de/usability-user-experience/glossar/ concurrent-think-aloud.html (accessed 03 14, 2022).]]> Chapter 19. FASTER Project Technologies: A Reality of the Future https://novapublishers.com/shop/chapter-19-faster-project-technologies-a-reality-of-the-future/ Wed, 15 Feb 2023 18:15:30 +0000 https://novapublishers.com/?post_type=product&p=144219 Part of the book: The Challenges of Disaster Planning, Management, and Resilience

Abstract

FASTER is an H2020 research project, within the European framework, in which Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) teams, in addition to other first responders, conduct an on-the-ground assessment of latest support technologies. These technologies are to be used in victim rescue response situations well as for coordination and safety procedures between disaster responders in diverse types of catastrophe scenarios. The tools have been developed by technical partners of the FASTER project committee and, with the aim of assessing the tools, two pilot exercises were conducted in collapsed buildings in Spain, simulating the impact of two earthquakes. The objective is to integrate and adapt the FASTER tools in initial interventions during the search for and rescue of victims. The focus is placed on information gathering in the disaster area, among other aspects. Simulation exercises were conducted in real locations involving collapsed buildings using drones, unmanned vehicles, canine wearables, a mobile command centre, a weather station and social network analysis, with real people acting the part of victims together with human dummy figures. Through these exercises, an assessment was carried out of the acceptability, ease of use, applicability, efficiency, and effectiveness of FASTER technology. The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic during the implementation of various pilot exercises was a setback that led us to introduce a USAR Camp deployment procedure involving preventive anti-COVID-19 measures, in accordance with the recommendations of official organisations such as INSARAG and the WHO. Keywords: catastrophe, disaster, first responders, search and rescue, new technologies

References

[1] Kapur, Giris B., Bezez, Sarah and Dyal, Johathan. (2016). Effective Communication During Disasters: Making Use of Technology, Media, and Human Resources. New York. DOI: 10.1201/9781315365640. [2] FASTER Project. (2019). “HORIZON 2020. First responder Advanced technologies for Safe and efficient Emergency Response.” Access March 2022. https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/833507. [3] INSARAG ORG. (1991). Access March 22. https://www.insarag.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/MWG-Covid-19-USAR-Response-Technical-Guidance-Note-Final.pdf. [4] WHO.org. (2020). Access December 2021. https://www.who.int/es/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance. [5] Cintora, Ana M. (2016).” ERICAM Madrid Immediate Response to International Catastrophes Group.” IprocureSecurity. Accessed March 2022. https://www.iprocuresecurity.eu/ericam-madrid-immediate response-to-international-catastrophes-group/. [6] INSARAG ORG. (1991). Access March 2022. https://www.insarag.org/methodology/insarag-guidelines. [7] Álvarez-García, Cristina., Cámara-Anguita, Sixto., López-Hens, Jose M., Granero-Moya, Nani., and et al. (2021).” Development of the Aerial Remote Triage System using drones in mass casualty scenarios: A survey of international experts.” Plos one 16: e0242947. Access December 2021. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242947. [8] Marzena, Polka et al. (2017).” TRANSCOM 2017: International scientific conference on sustainable, modern and safe transport. The use of UAV's for search and rescue operations.” Procedia Engineering 192: 748-752. Accessed March 22, 2022. DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.06.129. [9] Infante Peña, María V., Mojica Blanco, Arantza. (2017). “Use of drones in disasters situations as a health aid” Revista electrónica de Portales médicos.com. Access February 28, 2022. https://www.revista-portalesmedicos.com/revista-medica/uso-de-drones-catastrofes-ayuda-sanitaria/. [10] Sanada, Yukihisa and Torii Tatsuo. (2015). “Aerial radiation monitoring around the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant using an unmanned helicopter.” Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 139: 294-299. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2014.06.027. [11] Doherty, Patrick. and Rudol, Piotr. (2007) “A UAV Search and Rescue Scenario with Human Body Detection and Geolocalization.” Paper presented at the 20th Australian Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Gold Coast, Australia, December 1-13 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-76928-6. [12] Rudol, Piotr. and Doherty, Patrick. (2008). “Human body detection and geolocalization for UAV search and rescue missions using color and thermal imagery.” Paper presented at the IEEE Aerospace Conference, Dig Sky, MT, USA, March. DOI: 10.1109/AERO.2008.4526559. [13] Blondel, Paul., Potelle, Alex., Pégard, Claude and Lozano, Rogelio. (2014). “Fast and viewpoint robust human detection for SAR operations.” Paper presented at the IEEE International Symposium on Safety, Security, and Rescue Robotics, Hokkaido, Japan, October DOI: 10.1109/SSRR.2014.7017675. FASTER Project Technologies 303 [14] Rasmussen, Nathan. D., Morse, Bryan.S., Goodrich, Michael. A., Eggett, Dennis. (2009). “Fused visible and infrared video for use in Wilderness Search and Rescue.” Paper presented at the Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision, Snowbird, UT, USA, December 1-8 DOI: 10.1109/WACV.2009.5403048.]]> Chapter 18. The Effect of the Combustion Heat on the Forest Fire of Eastern Attica in Relation to the Meteorological Factors https://novapublishers.com/shop/chapter-18-the-effect-of-the-combustion-heat-on-the-forest-fire-of-eastern-attica-in-relation-to-the-meteorological-factors/ Wed, 15 Feb 2023 17:41:29 +0000 https://novapublishers.com/?post_type=product&p=144217 Part of the book: The Challenges of Disaster Planning, Management, and Resilience

Abstract

An important goal of this study was how meteorological factors (wind and relative humidity) as well as the type and moisture content of the fuel affect the combustion heat of a fire in a study area and consequently the fire hazard and the difficulty of extinguishing; and also whether and how the description of spread of a forest fire at an operational level can be achieved, as well as the effect of forest firefighting forces, if the weather, topography and vegetation factors are known. The study area is the region of Attica, in Greece and especially the region of eastern Attica. The FARSITE (Fire Area Simulator) fire simulator was used. Specifically, it was confirmed that the intensity of the wind significantly affects the difficulty of extinguishing as it directly affects the speed of the fire. In the study area, for wind speeds of 70 Km/h (8 Bf), the possible fires, will develop into mega-fires in the first 30 minutes of their onset and the use of air means is imperative. With the intervention of a firebreak instead, the fires that will break out, in the first 30 minutes will be of medium difficulty and the use of machinery and vehicles is imperative. In summary, the above conclusions can be the first step towards systematization in immediate decision making and a valuable information tool at the operational level. Keywords: combustion heat, forest fires, FARSITE

References

Anderson, H. E. 1982. Aids to determining fuel models for estimating fire behaviour. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report. INT-122. Andrews, P. L. 1986. BEHAVE. Fire behavior prediction and fuel modelling system. Burn Subsystem, USDA Forest Service. Ogden, UT. Byram, G. Μ. 1959. Combustion of forest fuels, pp. 61-89 in Davis K. P. (ed.). Forest Fire: Control and Use. McGraw-Hill. Chandler, C., Cheney P., Thomas P., Trabaud L., and Williams D. 1983. Fire in Forestry, vols. I and II. John Wiley & Sons. Dimitrakopoulos, A. P, Mateeva V., and Xanthopoulos G. 2001. Fuel Material Models of Mediterranean Vegetation Types of Greece. Geotechnical Scientific Issues, Series VI, 3 (12): 192-206. Farina, A. 1998. Principles and Methods in Landscape Ecology. Chapman & Hall, London, UK. Feidas, H., Cartalis C., and Lagouvardos C. 2002. Temporal simulation of diurnal temperature and relative humidity evolution at a forested mountainous site in Attica, Greece. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 2002, 11, 95-106. Finney, M. 2007. A computational method for optimizing fuel treatment locations. Intl. J. Wildl. Fire. 16:702-711. Gordon, M. and Forman T. T. R. 1983. Landscape modification and changing ecological characteristics P. 12- 18 In: H. A. Mooney and M. Gordon (eds.). Disturbance and ecosystem: Components of response. Springer-Verlag N.Y. Hartmann, H. 2007: Handbuch Bioenergie-Kleinanlagen [Manual for small bioenergy plants] (2nd edition). Iliopoulos, N. 2013. Fire meteorology, Fires and Climate Change. Doctoral thesis. University of the Aegean, Mytilene. Kailidis, D. 1990. Forest Fires, 3rd edition. Yahoudi-Giapouli Publications. Kalabokidis, K., Roussou O., Vasilakos Ch., and Markopoulou, D. 2004. Spatial modeling of fuel and landscape fire behavior. In the Proceedings of the 7th Panhellenic Geographical Conference. October 14- 17, 2004, Hellenic Geographical Society and Department of Geography, University of the Aegean, Mytilene. Vol. I, pp. 486-494. Keeley, J. E., Fotheringham C. J., and Morais M. 1999. Re-examining fire suppression impacts on brushland fire regimes. Science 284, 1829 – 1832. DOI: 10.1126/SCIENCE.284.5421.1829. Mitsopoulos, I. D., and Dimitrakopoulos A. P. 2006. Canopy fuel characteristics and potential crown fire behavior in Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) forests. Ann For Sci 64:287-299. DOI: 10.1051/forest:2007006. Moreno, J. M., and Oechel W. C. 1991. Fire intensity effects on germination of shrubs and herbs in southern California chaparral. Ecology, 72 (6), 1993–2004 (Davis Sacramento, CA). Nunez-Regueira, L., Jose A. Rodrõ Âguez-An Äon, J. Proupõ Ân-Castin Äeiras, A. Vilanova-Diz, N. Montero Santoven Äa, 2001. Determination of calorific values of forest waste biomass by static bomb calorimetry. Thermochimica Acta, volume 371, pp. 23-31. Rothermel, R. C. 1972. A mathematical model for predicting fire spread in wildland fuels. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report INT-115. Rothermel, R. C. 1991. Predicting behavior and size of crown fires in the northern Rocky Mountains. USDA Forest Service, Paper INT-438. Rothermel, R. C., and Andrews P. L. 1982. Charts for interpreting wildland fire behavior characteristics. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report INT-131. Scott, J. H., and Burgan R. E. 2005. Standard fire behavior fuel models: a comprehensive set for use with Rothermel’s surface fire spread model. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-153. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station; 72 p. Shafizadeh, F., Chin PS, DeGroot WF. 1977. Effective heat content of green forest fuels. Forest Science 23(1), 81–89. Sussot, R., DeGroot WF., and Shafizadeh F. 1975. Heat content of natural fuels. Fire and Flammability 6, 311–325. Van, Wagner C. E. 1977. Conditions for the start and spread of crown fire. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 7(1):23-34.]]> Chapter 17. Predicting the Occurrence of Combustion in the Production of Polyurethane Foam During the Storage Process for Tempering https://novapublishers.com/shop/chapter-17-predicting-the-occurrence-of-combustion-in-the-production-of-polyurethane-foam-during-the-storage-process-for-tempering/ Wed, 15 Feb 2023 17:31:16 +0000 https://novapublishers.com/?post_type=product&p=144212 Part of the book: The Challenges of Disaster Planning, Management, and Resilience

Abstract

Objective: This report analyzes the thermodynamic relationships of "freshly produced" polyurethane foam and its secondary ingredients. The reason for which was a fire in a warehouse for subsequent tempering of a finished commercial product. Combustion and/or thermal decomposition products of polyurethanes are among the most toxic substances directly threatening the life of the population. Research problem: Modeling the thermodynamics of combustion of a commercial product is extremely difficult due to the large number of isomeric molecular forms that are difficult to distinguish from classical science. Methodology: An adapted model of methodological scheme is applied, describing the fine specifics of the relationship between theoretical (statistical) and applied thermodynamics. The object of the study are: polyols, isocyanates, crosslinking agents, fillers, lubricants, catalysts, free water and carbon dioxide. Results: The general functional dependence (presented in graphical form) between the main thermodynamic variables describing the process of self-ignition in the specific case is constructed. Conclusion: Incomplete technological inhibition of the catalyst is the leading cause of self-ignition of polyurethane foam during the storage process for tempering. Applicability of the results: The modern control of the technological processes is easily synchronized with the fire-fighting installations. Thermal chambers could be set to a more sensitive mode at certain hours of chanting. If necessary, automatic systems would work by correcting factors of the storage environment, such as humidity, temperature, ventilation, etc. These actions would lead to overconfidence in avoiding fires and disasters, especially in urban environments. Keywords: polyurethane, storage, production process, self-ignition, PM7, TD-DFT

References

Atkins P and Paula JD. 2009. Elements of Physical Chemistry. N.p.: OUP Oxford. Brecher J. 2006. “Graphical representation of stereochemical configuration.” Pure and Applied Chemistry, 78 (10): 1897-970. 10.1351/pac200678101897. Clementi E. 1980. Computational Aspects for Large Chemical Systems. N.p.: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Cramer CJ. 2002. Essentials of Computational Chemistry: Theories and Models. N.p.: Wiley. Gohlke H and Klebe G. 2002. “Approaches to the description and prediction of the binding affinity of small molecule ligands to macromolecular receptors.” Angewandte Chemie, (Aug.), 2644-76. 10.1002/1521-3773(20020802)41:15<2644::AID-ANIE2644>3.0.CO;2-O. Gordon MS and Pople JA. 1968. “Approximate Self-Consistent Molecular-Orbital Theory. VI. INDO Calculated Equilibrium Geometries.” The Journal of Chemical Physics, 49 (10): 4643-50. 10.1063/1.166992. Grigorov R, Tsanov V and Koychev K. 2018. “Synthesis and study of the chemical, physicochemical and ecological properties of an experimental biodegradable foaming agent.” Bulletin, Faculty FSCP, AoMoI 24. Kurtov R. 2014. Ventilation Systems for Smoke and Heat Removal. Sofia: FplusLtd. Leach AR. 2001. Molecular Modelling. N.p.: Prentice Hall. Lee S and Randall D. 2003. The Polyurethanes Book. New York: Wiley. Magnasco V. 2009. “Post-Hartree–Fock Methods.” In Methods of Molecular Quantum Mechanics: An Introduction to Electronic Molecular Structure, 133-9. N.p.: Wiley. 10.1002/9780470684559.ch8. “Maple Fundamentals Guide.” 2022. Maplesoft. https://www.maplesoft.com/support/training/PDF/ MapleFundamentalsGuide.pdf. Margerison D and East GC. 1967. An Introduction to Polymer Chemistry. N.p.: Elsevier Science & Technology Books. “OriginLab.” 2022. OriginLab - Origin and OriginPro - Data Analysis and Graphing Software. https://www.originlab.com/. Parsons J, Holmes B, Rojas M and Tsai J. 2005. “Practical conversion from torsion space to Cartesian space for in silico protein synthesis.” Journal of Computational Chemistry, 26 (10): 1063-8. 10.1002/jcc.20237. Peletminskii SV and Akhiezer AI. 2013. Methods of Statistical Physics: International Series in Natural Philosophy. Edited by D. ter Haar. N.p.: Elsevier Science. Penchev Z, Koychev K and Tsanov V. 2019. “Molecular design and theoretical thermal analysis of methane derivatives.” Bulletin, Faculty "Fire Safety and Civil Protection", Academy of Ministry of Interior, no. 25, 94-101. Penchev Z, Tasheva A, Tsanov V and Tankisheva V. 2019. “Thermodynamic characterization of carbon dioxide fire extinguisher using quantum chemical methods.” Jubilee International Scientific Conference 50 Years of Higher Education at the Academy of the Ministry of Interior, Sofia 1:151-7. Ponder JW and Case DA. 2003. “Force fields for protein simulations.” Advances in Protein Chemistry, 66:27- 85. 10.1016/s0065-3233(03)66002-x. Stewart JJ. 2013. “Optimization of parameters for semiempirical methods VI: More modifications to the NDDO approximations and re-optimization of parameters.” Journal of Molecular Modeling, 9:1-32. 10.1007/s00894-012-1667-x. Stewart JJ. n.d. “Open Mopac.” Stewart Computational Chemistry - MOPAC Home Page. Accessed March 21, 2022. http://openmopac.net. Tankisheva V, Penchev Z, Tasheva A, Koychev K and Tsanov V. 2019. “Theoretical Analysis of Thermal Stability of Brake Fluid Class DOT 3.4 and 5.1.” Jubilee International Scientific Conference "50 Years of Higher Education at the Academy of the Ministry of Interior", 1:183-9. Tasheva A, Koychev K and Tsanov V. 2019. “Using quantum methods to characterize real thermochemical processes.” Bulletin, Faculty "Fire Safety and Civil Protection", Academy of Ministry of Interior, no. 25, 58-65. Tsanov V. 2018. Quantum Mechanical Notions about the Nature of the Chemical Bond. Intermolecular Interaction. Sofia: AoMI. Tsanov V. 2019. “Quantum thermodynamics of combustion.” Jubilee International Scientific Conference 50 Years of Higher Education at the Academy of the Ministry of Interior, (October), 158-63. Tsanov V. 2020. Molecular Topology of Fire Extinguishing Agents. Sofia: AoMI. Tsanov V. 2021. Modeling the Thermodynamics of Fires. Sofia: AoMI. van Leeuwen R. 1998. “Causality and Symmetry in Time-Dependent Density-Functional Theory.” Physical Review Letters, 80, no. 6 (6): 1280-3. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.1280. Vignale G. 2008. “Real-time resolution of the causality paradox of time-dependent density-functional theory.” Physical Review, 77, no. 062511 (June). 10.1103/PhysRevA.77.062511. Xie W, Pu J and Mackerell AD. 2007. “Development of a polarizable intermolecular potential function (PIPF) for liquid amides and alkanes.” Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation, 3 (6): 1878-89.10.1021/ct700146x. Zumdahl SS and DeCoste DJ. 2017. Chemical Principles. N.p.: Cengage Learning.]]> Chapter 16. 100 Years – 100 Cities: Evaluation of Urban Fire Risks https://novapublishers.com/shop/chapter-16-100-years-100-cities-evaluation-of-urban-fire-risks/ Wed, 15 Feb 2023 17:05:59 +0000 https://novapublishers.com/?post_type=product&p=144210 Part of the book: The Challenges of Disaster Planning, Management, and Resilience

Abstract

Over the centuries, cities became economic, scientific, administrative, and cultural centers of the countries. This process accelerated significantly in the 20th century. Life in the cities has become very pleasant for their inhabitants. Notwithstanding these manifold benefits of city life, the administrations of urban centers are increasingly confronted with problems: The streets of the cities are suffering from the ever-increasing mass of vehicles. Noise and air pollution are serious health problems for the inhabitants. Housing is scarce in urban centers. The cities grow in height and on the outskirts. The supply of drinking water is a problem in many places. Waste management is a significant organizational and technical challenge for the city administration. One of the most critical issues within the increasingly complex infrastructure of large cities is the safety and security factor. The purpose of the study is to take a closer look at the subject of fire safety. In the last century, cities have experienced a variety of revelations with the introduction of new building materials, new types of buildings, and new ways of using the facilities. As a result, many advances in fire prevention have been made. Nevertheless, the fire danger in the cities is not banished. The chapter uses striking examples to illustrate how urban fire risks have changed in the past. The study aims to use data-based developments in 100 cities worldwide. Next, we show what urbanization and industrialization mean from the point of view of fire safety. Finally, we describe possible solution scenarios for the future.  Keywords: statistics, fire risks, urban fires, modeling, fire service

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London [Accessed 2022-03-06 20:28]. [2] Cornell, James (1976), The Great International Disaster Book, Pocket Books, New York. [3] Effenberger, Gustav (1913), Die Welt in Flammen. Eine Geschichte der großen und interessanten Brände aller Jahrhunderte [The world on fire. A history of the great and interesting fires of all centuries], Rechts-, Staats und Sozialwissenschaftlicher Verlag G.m.b.H., Hannover. [4] https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terremoto_de_Lisboa_de_1755 [Accessed 2022-03-06 20:56]. [5] https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incendie_de_Moscou [Accessed 2022-03-06 21:16]. [6] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Chicago_Fire [Accessed 2022-03-06 21:37]. [7] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoanut_Grove_fire [Accessed 2022-03-06 22:13]. [8] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenfell_Tower_fire [Accessed 2022-03-06 22:19]. [9] https://www.chicagotribune.com/visuals/vintage/ct-viz-iroquois-theater-fire-1903-photos-20210423-2r6rowogvrh43fg4fvmp4zcsui-photogallery.html [Accessed 2022-03-06 23:21]. [10] Seoul Metropolitan Fire & Disaster Headquarters. [11] https://cupdf.com/document/amri-fire.html [Accessed 2022-03-06 23:44]. [12] https://mercortecresa.com/en/blog/the-worst-industrial-factory-fire-in-history [Accessed 2022-03-06 23:53]. [13] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_nightclub_fire [Accessed 2022-03-07 00:01]. [14] https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/short-reads/article/2046923/remembering-garley building-fire-20-years [Accessed 2022-03-07 21:24]. [15] https://www.nippon.com/en/japan-data/h01197/ [Accessed 2022-03-07 21:38]. [16] Braidwood, James (1866), Fire Prevention and Fire Extinction, London, Bell and Daldy, 186, Fleet Street. [17] Conrad Dietrich Magirus (1877), Das Feuerlöschwesen in allen seinen Theilen nach seiner geschichtlichen Entwicklung von den frühesten Zeiten bis zur Gegenwart [The fire-fighting system in all its parts according to its historical development from the earliest times to the present], Ulm, Deutschland. [18] Herrmann, Albert. Katastrophen, Naturgewalten und Menschenschicksale [Disasters, forces of nature and human fate], G. Schönfeld’s Verlagsbuchhandlung Berlin W 62. [19] Kernmayr Hans G., et.all (2000), Der goldene Helm - Werden, Wachsen und Wirken der Feuerwehren [The golden helmet - becoming, growing and working of the fire brigades], 5th Edition, ISBN 3-609- 66981-0. [20] The National Commission on Fire Prevention and Control (1973), America Burning. [21] FEMA, America at Risk: America Burning Recommissioned, FA-223/June 2002. [22] Pyne, S.J. (1997), World Fire: The Culture of Fire on Earth, University of Washington Press, ISBN 0- 295-97593-8. [23] Bankoff, G., U. Lübken, J. Sand (2012), Flammable Cities: Urban Conflagration and the Making of the Modern World, The University of Wisconsin Press (USA), ISBN 978-0-299-28384-1. [24] C. Zwierlein (2011), Der Gezähmte Prometheus, Feuer und Sicherheit zwischen Früher Neuzeit und Moderne [The Tamed Prometheus, Fire and Safety between Early Modern and Modern Times], Vandebhoeck and Ruprecht GmbH and Co. KG., Göttingen, ISBN 978-3-525-31708-2. [25] CTIF (2000), 100 Jahre CTIF 1900-2000, Halleiner Druckerei MAYR, Hallein, Austria. [26] https://www.ctif.org/world-fire-statistics [Accessed 2022-03-08 19:12]. [27] Brushlinsky, S. Sokolov, P. Wagner (2010), Humanity and Fires, Fundacja Educacja I Technika Ratownictwa N., EDURA, Poland, ISBN 978-83-88-77-29-5. [28] Bruschlinsly, N., M. Nitschke, S. Sokolov, P. Wagner (1995), Feuerwehren in Millionenstädten, Organisation, Probleme und Lösungen [Fire brigades in megacities, organization, problems and solutions], Verlag W.W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart Berlin Köln, ISBN 3-17-013704-2. [29] Bruschlinsky, N., S. Sokolov, P. Wagner (2018), Modelling the Process of Fire and Rescue Activities (chapter 7) in Michail Chalaris (editor-in-chief) et al.: Novel Approaches in Risks, Crisis and Disaster Management, Nova Science Publishers Inc., New York, USA, ISBN: 978-1-53613-239-7. [30] https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interschutz [Accessed 2022-03-08 20:49]. [31] https://shop.vds.de/publikation/vds-2847-14 [Accessed 2022-03-08 20:53]. [32] Pożarów, Czerwona Księga. Wybrane problemy pożarów oraz ich skutków [Selected problems of fires and their effects]. Tom 2 (2016) ISBN: 978-83-61520-87-0. [33] United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2016). The World’s Cities in 2016: Data Booklet (ST/ESA/ SER.A/392). [34] Frost, L. E., E. L. Jones (1989): The Fire Gap and the Greater Durability of Nineteenth Century Cities, Planning Perspective, 4:3, 333-347, DOI: 10.1080/02665438908725687 [35] https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fer_Brand_von_London#/media/Datei:Great_Fire_Londo n.jpg [Accessed 2022-04-08 16:08]. [36] https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_incendio_de_Londres#/media/Archivo:Great_fire_of_london_map.png [Accessed 2022-04-08 16:09]. [37] https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdbeben_von_Lissabon_1755#/media/Datei:1755_Lisbon_earthquake.jpg [Accessed 2022-04-08 16:10]. [38] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_of_Moscow_(1812)#/media/File:1813_moscow-pozar.jpg [Accessed 2022-04-08 16:10]. [39] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Chicago_Fire#/media/File:Chicago_in_Flames_by_Currier_&_Ives,_1871_(cropped).jpg [Accessed 2022-04-08 16:11]. [40] Https://En.Wikipedia.Org/Wiki/Cocoanut_Grove_Fire#/Media/File:Cocoanut_Grove_Night_Club_Fire.Jpg [Accessed 2022-04-08 16:12]. [41] Radin, R.L., M. Mitzer (1977), Determinants of International Differences In Reported Fire Loss, Georgia Institute of Technology. [42] Department for Communities and Local Government. Comparison of European Fire Statistics (2012), Final report for the Department for Communities and Local Government, Fire research report 1/2012, Department for Communities and Local Government, Eland House Bressenden Place London, SW1E 5DU, 2011, ISBN: 978-1-4098- 3135-8 [43] https://www.genevaassociation.org/research-topics/world-fire-statistics-bulletin-no-29. [44] Bruschlinsky, N., S. Sokolov, P. Wagner (2018): Fire Situation in Europe at the Beginning of the 21st Century, Journal for Research, Technology, and Management in Fire Protection 1/2018 (pages 30-41), publisher: vfdb - German Fire Protection Association [45] Meacham, Brian J. et al. (2020), Developing a Global Standard for Fire Reporting, Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS), ISBN 978 1 78321 407 5. [46] https://eufirestat-efectis.com/ (2020-2022), EU FireStat: Closing Data Gaps and Paving the Way for Pan-European Fire Safety Efforts.]]> Chapter 15. Lack of Water as a Social Risk and Threat to Social Development and the Environment https://novapublishers.com/shop/chapter-15-lack-of-water-as-a-social-risk-and-threat-to-social-development-and-the-environment/ Wed, 15 Feb 2023 16:26:04 +0000 https://novapublishers.com/?post_type=product&p=144207 Part of the book: The Challenges of Disaster Planning, Management, and Resilience

Abstract

Water problems and challenges are a warning that disasters can be caused by climate change but also because of human activities in relation to global warming. The purpose of this paper is to point out the important aspects of creating opportunities for social risk and threat to social development because of water scarcity and asymmetrical development and management of water capacity. At the same time, the research will identify social problems, from which water can lead to disruption of national security. The research problem is motivated by the right of existence and safe life, not only in its environment, and in its country, but also on a regional level. The research will be done using analysis of documents, statistical data and descriptive approach, which will lead to empirical results for the etiological and phenomenological characteristics of water problems, as well as estimates, analyzes and studies, in order to project water challenges by 2040. The research sample will show how water as a social risk and threat affects the situation of the Republic of North Macedonia within the international statistics regarding the use and use of water as a natural and necessary resource. Keywords: climate change, water, social risk, national security

References

[1] Taikan Oki, et al. (2006). Global Hydrological Cycles and World Water Resources. Science 313, 1068, DOI: 10.1126/science.1128845. [2] Charles J. Vörösmarty, et al. (2000). Global Water Resources: Vulnerability from Climate Change and Population Growth. Science 289, 284, DOI: 10.1126/science.289.5477.284. [3] The sum of the evaporation and transpiration of plants from the earth’s surface into the atmosphere. See: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/evapotranspiration. [4] Konikow, L. F., and Kendy, E., 2005, Groundwater depletion: A global problem: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 13, p. 317-320. [5] IPCC. Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007: Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability / 3.4.4 Water quality. [6] IPCC. Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007: Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability/ 4.3.10. Water Quality. [7] Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture. 2007. Water for Food, Water for Life: A Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture. London: Earthscan, and Colombo: International Water Management Institute. [8] IPCC, 2012: Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation. A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the IPCC. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA, 582 pp. [9] Barnett, Т. P., J. C. Adam& D. P. Lettenmaier. (2005). Potential impacts of a warming climate on water availability in snow-dominated regions. Nature 438, 303-309, doi:10.1038/nature04141. [10] Wichelns et al., 2002; Easter and Renwick, 2004; Orr and Colby, 2004; Saleth and Dinar, 2004; Svendsen, 2005. [11] Shiklomanov, I. A., & J. C. Rodda (2003): World Water Resources at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century. 435 pp. Cambridge Univ. Press. [12] Mote, P. W. et al., 1999, Impacts of climate variability and change, Pacific Northwest: National Atmospheric and Oceanic Administration, Office of Global Programs, and Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO) / School of Marine Affairs (SMA) Climate Impacts Group, Seattle, Washington, 110 p. and Downing, T. E. et al., 2003, Climate Change and the Demand for Water: Stockholm Environment Institute Oxford Office Research Report, U.K., 201 p. [13] The analysis of the Ministry of Environment entitled “Water resources and the challenge of climate change,” 2014. [14] IPCC, 2013. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the IPCC. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.]]> Chapter 14. Knowledge of Vulnerable Groups from North Macedonia, Bulgaria, and Spain Related to Protection and Rescue – Fundamental for Building Stronger Community Resilience https://novapublishers.com/shop/chapter-14-knowledge-of-vulnerable-groups-from-north-macedonia-bulgaria-and-spain-related-to-protection-and-rescue-fundamental-for-building-stronger-community-resilience/ Wed, 15 Feb 2023 16:18:36 +0000 https://novapublishers.com/?post_type=product&p=144202 Part of the book: The Challenges of Disaster Planning, Management, and Resilience

Abstract

The purpose of this chapter is to discover the level of knowledge that vulnerable groups such as children, youth, as well as persons (students) with special needs, from North Macedonia, Bulgaria, and Spain have in relation to the protection and rescue system and their needs for training improvement. The fact that very often vulnerable groups are neglected in every stage of the disaster risk management motivated us to conduct this research and to contribute to building stronger and more inclusive community resilience. In this research we used the quantitative research method (a questionnaire) answered by vulnerable groups, separately in each of these countries. In our research we respected gender equality and we have almost the same distribution of female and male respondents. The questionnaire consisted of 19 questions, 3 of them were open-ended, the other 16 close ended. The first 6 questions related to general information about the participants, whereas the other refer to the 5 specific areas of our research. The conclusion from the research is that most of the participants are not familiar with the possible ways to give alerts for the dangers, the instructions for protection, rescue, assistance, and they need training about possible ways to report and warn about dangers, give instructions on protection, rescue, and assistance. The results were very useful for creating a novel approach for developing educational materials and training programs for children, youth, and persons with disabilities using an open educational platform, Mobile APP, and gamification. Keywords: knowledge, protection and rescue, inclusion, vulnerable groups, resilience

References

[1] WHO (1971). Guide to Sanitation in Natural Disasters. [2] Noor, K. B. (2008). Case study: A strategic research methodology. Am. J. Appl. Sci. 5:1602–1604. [3] Hadji-Janev, M. and Jovanovski, V. (2012) Disaster Risk Management Concept in the Republic of Macedonia, Challenges and Recommendations for the future, Crisis Management Days, University of Applied Science, Velika Gorica, Croatia. [4] North Macedonia - Overview of the National Disaster Management System (2019) retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/echo/what/civil-protection/disaster-management/north-macedonia_en. [5] Spain - Overview of the National Disaster System (2019), retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/echo/what/civil-protection/disaster-management/spain_en. [6] Bulgaria - Overview of the National Disaster Management System (2019) retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/ echo/what/civil-protection/national-disaster-management-system/bulgaria_en. [7] Johnson, R. B. & Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2004). Mixed-methods research: a research paradigm whose time has come. Educational Researcher, 33(7), 14-26. [8] Miles, M. and Huberman, M. (1994) Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook, Second Edition, SAGE Publications.]]> Chapter 13. Mass Casualty Incidents in Greece Since 1996: Are We Ready to Face Them? https://novapublishers.com/shop/chapter-13-mass-casualty-incidents-in-greece-since-1996-are-we-ready-to-face-them/ Wed, 15 Feb 2023 16:07:57 +0000 https://novapublishers.com/?post_type=product&p=144199 Part of the book: The Challenges of Disaster Planning, Management, and Resilience

Abstract

In a generally hostile field worldwide, full of mass casualty incidents (MCIs), Greece is no exception. This chapter is an effort to collect the deadliest MCIs in Greece since 1996 in order to not only identify them by kind and understand the differences between them but also to arrive to conclusions and guidelines on what must be followed in such incidents no matter what. Because of its geographical position and soil formation Greece has been prone to a variety of MCIs. Taking into consideration Greece's strategical place and social particularities as well as the internal social and financial challenges it has faced, being the European country that received the majority of refugees among the EU during the last decade, mainly by sea, it is no surprise that many MCIs happened in its seas with thousands of people, including children, losing their lives in a desperate attempt to reach the mainland. Using information collected throughout the internet on the majority of Greek MCIs, the purpose is to understand the local level of crisis’ readiness and preparedness through the relative carriers and hopefully to increase the national obligation to cooperate, confront and succeed beyond those challenges. In order to be prepared, in relationship with the Civil Protection, all carriers and their personnel must frequently get educated, test their abilities in trials and further participate in cooperative trials. Through these procedures the suitable authorities should check the status of the basic fundamentals that must be present, such as: communication, evaluation, progression level and progression ways. Keywords: mass, casualty, incidents, Greece, management, 1996

References

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[5] Zantzos Ioannis A., Voutsinas, Vasilis P., Koutelekos Ioannis “Operation Theatre in Mass Casualty Events. Perseas project,” Nursing Surgery (2013), Volume 1, Part 1. E-ISSN: 2241-3634. [6] Karabetsou Eleni. 2009. "Implementation of an emergency plan in health units. The case of G.H.P. 'Agios Andreas," Thesis 2009, Τ. Ε. Ι. Kalamata, School of Economics, Department of Health and Welfare Units (Karabetsou 2009). [7] Merekoulia Kalliopi. 2018. "Retrospective study of the implementation of a business plan for health preparedness," Postgraduate Diploma Thesis, Μarch 2018. MSC ‘Health Service Management and Crisis Management’, School of Prefectural and human sciences, Department of Anthropology, Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, Department of Nursing, University of Peloponnese. [8] Leptokaridou Lakasa Gina (2015) "How Prepared are the Greek Hospitals for Natural Disasters," Nov. 2015, Paper Presented at the 3rd Panhellenic Conference ‘Health Crisis Management’. 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"The Earthquake Policy in Greece and the Management of the Seismic Disaster of Kefalonia in 2014" 2015, Final Thesis, Department of Administration and Financial Management, National School of Public Administration and Local Government (Anagnostopoulos 2015). [14] 2002. “Memorial in the ruins of Ricomex,” Patris. Accessed 08/09/2002. http://www.patris.gr/archive/2002/9/8/12th.html (Patris 2002). [15] Papadopoulos. Ι. N. “Autopsy findings from 111 deaths in the 1999 Athens earthquake as a basis for auditing the emergency response” (2004), ‘British Journal of Surgery’ 91 (1633-1640), http://www.researchgate.net/publication/8211076_Autopsy_findings_from_111_deaths_in_the_1999_Athens_earthquake_as_a_basis_for_auditing_the_emergency_response/file/9fcfd50fadc2a814d0.pdf. [16] Delithanasi Maria. 2013. "Camps and a feeling of shame 10 years later" (04/09/2009), Kathimerini. http://www.kathimerini.gr/368590/article/epikairothta/ellada/kataylismoi-kai-ais8hma-ntrophs-deka xronia-meta, accessed 30/04/2013. [17] Fot. V. 2013. "Compensation from the Prefecture for Ricomex." Enet. Published 25/05/2010. http://www.enet.gr/?i=news.el.article&id=165723, accessed 30/04/2013 (Enet 2013). [18] Kitsiou Vasso. 2012. "Ricomex… justice took 13 years," Attikipress. Accessed 26/05/2012, http://www.attikipress.gr/7919/rikomeks-h-dikaiwsh-arghse-13-xronia. [19] 2001. "The criminal prosecution against Fourlis for the collapse ends," Kathimerini. Accessed 14/09/2001, https://www.kathimerini.gr/100443/article/epikairothta/ellada/payei-h-poinikh-diw3h-kata-foyrlh-gia-thn-katarreysh. [20] Lekkas L Efthymios. 2000."Natural and Technological Disasters," 2000, ‘Publication: Access pre-press 3804460-3805459, Department of Applied Dynamic Tectonic Geology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. [21] AFP “Helicopter carrying Patriarch Peter VII of Alexandria crashes into the Aegean sea.” ABC. Accessed 12/9/2004, https://web.archive.org/web/20060819051904/http://www.coptic.org.au/modules/news/article.php?storyid=181. Reference: http://www.abc.net.au. [22] Harro, Ranter “ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 737-315 5B-DBY Grammatikos” pub. 14/08/2005, Aviation-safety.net. https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20050814-0. Accessed.17/10/2019. [23] Learmount David. “Investigation dispels myths around Helios Airways crash” (17/10/2006). Flight Global. https://flightglobal.com/investigation-dispels-myths-around-helios-airways-crash/70088.article. [24] 2017. “Wreath laying by Defence Minister Panos Kammenos into the sea around Imia islets,” Mod.mil.gr. 28/01/2016, Greek Ministry of National Defence, accessed.04/04/2017, www.mod.mil.gr. [25] ASN “Aircraft accident description Yakovlev 42 GR-42334 Thessaloniki,” Aviation Safety Network. (1997), https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php/id=19971217-0, accessed07/01/2007. [26] Elstat ‘statistics.gr/statistics/industry, trade, services, transport/road transport/road accidents/annual basis.’ https://www.statistics.gr/el/statistics/-/publication/SDT04/2013. [27] 2017.“Greece: deadly floods hit Mandra, NeaPeramos and Megara” BBC News. Accessed 15/11/2017, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-41998374. [28] [Reuters] “Floods hit western Greece days after deadly storm killed 7,” Ekathimerini. Accessed 15/07/2019, https://www.ekathimerini.com/242574/article/ekathimerini/news/floods-hit-western-greece-days-after-deadly-storm-killed-7. [29] “Greek forest fire close to Athens” BBC News. Accessed.29/06/2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6252676.stm (News.bbc 2007). [30] “Greece wildfires: dozens dead in Attica region” BBC News. Accessed 24/07/2018, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-44932366. [31] “Beyond 102 the deads at Rafin and Mati,” Mati2307. Accessed. 28/04/2019, http://mati2307.gr/?p=724. [32] “Black day for Attica,” efsyn.gr. Accessed 23/07/2018, https://web.archive.org/web/201807251643 28/http://www.efsyn.gr/live/mahi-me-tis-floges-stin-kineta. [33] Bet, Martina “Greece fires: 620 children evacuated near Athens as huge blaze raged across the country,” 25/07/2018, Express.uk. https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/993884/Greece-fires-Athens-2018-children-evacuated-wildfires-BBC-newsnight-mati-arson-fires-start. [34] Carassava, Anthee “Greece declares emergency as forest firesrage,” accessed.25/08/2007, International Herald Tribune Associated Press. https://web.archive.org/web/20070829074318/http://www.iht.com/a rticles/2007/08/26/europe/26greece.php. [35] Athens AFP, “Greek volunteers replant fire-ravaged forest,” Agence France-Presse, 14/01/2008, accessed.17/01/2008, Google News, https://web.archive.org/web/20110520115421/http://afp.google.co m/article/ALeqM5ho4R6U6QfmZNZZIFF4a4IWyihAxQ. [36] “Another dead from the August’s wildfires,” Athens News Agency. Accessed.: 22/09/2007, ‘www.in.gr’, https://web.archive.org/web/20070929100921/http://www.in.gr/news/article.asp?IngEntityID=833946 &IngDtrID=244 (in.gr 2007). [37] Kolokouris Stefanos, "Decision of the Crisis Management Council - Sampson Plan 2020 (Dealing with SARS-Cov-2)" Αthens 14/03/2020, Corps Fire Brigade, General Secretary of Civil. Prost., Minister Citizen Protection, Hellenic Republic, No. Prot .: 790 P. 100.4. [38] “Countries send Firefighters, Aircrafts to help Greeks,” 28/09/2007, Associated Press, ‘Firehouse.com’, https://web.archive.org/web/20070928025117/http://cms.firehouse.com/content/article/article.jsp?id=5 6129&sectionId=46 (Firehouse 2007). [39] “Marfin: The hooded crime, the responsibilities of law enforcement and the price owed” accessed.08/05/2020, Capital.gr. https://www.capital.gr/epikairotita/3451833/marfin-to-egklima-ton koukouloforon-oi-euthunes-ton-dioktikon-arxon-kai-i-ofeilomeni-timi. [40] “Safety and accidents in Greek Railway,” Euro2day. Accessed.: 28/2/2020, https://www.euro2day.gr/news/economy/article/2010334/asfaleia-kai-atyhhmata-ston-ellhniko-sidhrodromo.html. [41] “Collision of truck with train caused 3 deaths outside of Drama”, In.gr. accessed.16/04/2006, https://www.in.gr/2006/04/16/greece/sygkroysi-trenoy-me-fortigo-eksw-apo-ti-drama-me-treis-nekroys/?fbclid=IwAR0cQFXLcCIeoNetYlCBi6JlMrT6f2szWzcW2A16pVsbv34buw-kl8UrqqY.]]> Chapter 12. The Need for Minimum Humanitarian Standards https://novapublishers.com/shop/chapter-12-the-need-for-minimum-humanitarian-standards/ Wed, 15 Feb 2023 15:35:58 +0000 https://novapublishers.com/?post_type=product&p=144197 Part of the book: The Challenges of Disaster Planning, Management, and Resilience

Abstract

Climate change, the unbalanced relationship with natural resources, conflicts between nations, and forced displacement within and between countries create emergencies that need to be addressed based on minimum international humanitarian standards. That’s how the Sphere International Humanitarian Standards fill in the gap of prevention. The Sphere Handbook addresses the humanitarian charter to the emergency response sectors considered essential for the first response in this type of exceptional context, thus creating a condition of minimum stability and protection that allows a reorganization of the infrastructure of the affected locations gradually working towards solutions.

References

[1] https://www.internal-displacement.org/database/displacement-data. [2] Sphere Association (2018). The Sphere Handbook: Humanitarian Charter and MinimumStandards in Humanitarian Response, fourth edition, Geneva, Switzerland. www.spherestandards.org/handbook]]> Chapter 11. The Necessity of Debriefing after Disaster Incidents https://novapublishers.com/shop/chapter-11-the-necessity-of-debriefing-after-disaster-incidents-2/ Wed, 15 Feb 2023 15:30:06 +0000 https://novapublishers.com/?post_type=product&p=144195 Part of the book: The Challenges of Disaster Planning, Management, and Resilience

Abstract

Throughout the 21st century, humanity has already recorded enormous technological progress, developing the necessary techniques not only for the effective response to a mass casualty event, but also for a smooth and complete restoration. In the context of the effective management of a critical event and especially during the recovery phase, the necessity of the application of the debriefing method is examined thoroughly in this chapter. This chapter could also be characterized as a hybrid product of methodology as it consists of two main parts. The first part is based on the literature review in order to examine the process of the debriefing technique, citing historical data of the evolution of the technique over the years. The method itself was then analyzed in depth indicating its stages as also whether its conduction is influenced by the interculturality. In the second part of this chapter, statistics are presented for the debriefing process that emerged after a survey through a structured questionnaire processed through the SPSS program, to a targeted sample of people involved in the management of critical incidents, giving a glimpse of the Greek approach to the method of debriefing. The processing of the data collection led to the conclusion that although debriefing is globally considered a necessary method for the integrated management of a critical incident, nevertheless in Greece it is not carried out on a regular basis as a standardized procedure. In addition, the absence of a mental health professional during the process cannot be overlooked. Keywords: debriefing, debriefing strategies, crisis management, experiential learning, psychological debriefing

References

[1] Gardner, Roxane. 2013. “Introduction to Debriefing.” Seminars in Perinatology, Simulation in Maternal Fetal Medicine, 37, no. 3 (June 1, 2013): 166–74. [2] Riley, Richard H. 2008. Manual of Simulation in Healthcare. Oxford University Press. [3] College of Policing. Briefing and Debriefing. 2021. Accessed February 3, 2021. https://www.app.college.police.uk/app-content/operations/briefing-and-debriefing/. [4] Allspaw, John, Morgan Evans, and Daniel Schauenberg. 2016. “Debriefing Facilitation Guide,” 2016, 30. [5] Bilgin, C. U., Baek, Y., & Park, H. (2015). How Debriefing Strategies Can Improve Student Motivation and Self-Efficacy in Game-Based Learning. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 53(2), 155–182. Accessed February 3, 2021. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0735633115598496. [6] Ulmer, Francis F., Rana Sharara-Chami, Zavi Lakissian, Martin Stocker, Ella Scott, and Peter Dieckmann. 2018. “Cultural Prototypes and Differences in Simulation Debriefing.” Simulation in Healthcare 13, no. 4 (August 2018): 239–46. doi.org/10.1097/SIH.0000000000000320. [7] Corporate Finance Institute. 2021. “Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions Theory - Overview and Categories.” Accessed March 5, 2021. https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/other/hofstedes-cultural-dimensions-theory/. [8] Chung, Hyun Soo, Peter Dieckmann, and Saul Barry Issenberg. 2013. “It Is Time to Consider Cultural Differences in Debriefing.” Simulation in Healthcare: Journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare 8, no. 3 (June 2013): 166–70. doi.org/10.1097/SIH.0b013e318291d9ef. [9] Lovell-Hawker, Dr Debbie. 2004. “Debriefing Aid Workers: A Comprehensive Manual,” 2004, 82. DOI: 10.1097/SIH.0b013e318291d9ef. [10] Mitchell, Jeffrey T. “Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD),” n.d., 10. University of Maryland. [11] Gian Paolo Cimellaro. 2016. Urban Resilience for Emergency Response and Recovery, Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016, doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30656-8. [12] Dyregrov, Atle. 1997. “The Process in Psychological Debriefings.” Journal of Traumatic Stress 10, no. 4 (October 1, 1997): 589–605. doi.org/10.1023/A:1024893702747. [13] American Psychiatric Association. 2021. “What Is PTSD?” Accessed March 12, 2021. https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/ptsd/what-is-ptsd. [14] Beaglehole, Ben, Roger T. Mulder, Chris M. Frampton, Joseph M. Boden, Giles Newton-Howes, and Caroline J. Bell. 2018. “Psychological Distress and Psychiatric Disorder after Natural Disasters: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” The British Journal of Psychiatry 213, no. 6 (December 2018): 716–22. doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2018.210. [15] Alexander, David A., and Susan Klein. 2001. “Ambulance Personnel and Critical Incidents: Impact of Accident and Emergency Work on Mental Health and Emotional Well-Being.” The British Journal of Psychiatry 178, no. 1 (January 2001): 76–81. doi.org/10.1192/bjp.178.1.76. [16] F. Katsavounis, E. Bebetsos. 2016. ‘Διαταραχή μετατραυματικού stress σε πυροσβέστες και πληρώματα ασθενοφόρων μετά από μαζικές απώλειες υγείας. [Posttraumatic stress disorder in firefighters and ambulance crews following mass casualty]’ Archives of Hellenic Medicine, November 2016, Vol. 35 Issue 1, p114-119. 6p. [17] Alvarez, Jennifer, and Melissa Hunt. 2005. “Risk and Resilience in Canine Search and Rescue Handlers after 9/11.” Journal of Traumatic Stress 18, no. 5 (2005): 497–505. doi.org/10.1002/jts.20058. [18] Brady, Kathleen T. 1997. “Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Comorbidity: Recognizing the Many Faces of PTSD.” J Clin Psychiatry, n.d., 4. (1997);58[suppl 9]:12-15. [19] Deahl, M. P., and J. I. Bisson. 1995. “Dealing with Disasters: Does Psychological Debriefing Work?” Emergency Medicine Journal 12, no. 4 (December 1, 1995): 255–58. doi.org/10.1136/emj.12.4.255. [20] Kearns, Megan C., Kerry J. Ressler, Doug Zatzick, and Barbara Olasov Rothbaum. 2012. “Early Interventions for Ptsd: A Review.” Depression and Anxiety 29, no. 10 (2012): 833–42. doi.org/10.1002/da.21997. [21] Deahl, Martin, Michael Srinivasan, Norman Jones, Janice Thomas, Carl Neblett, and Allan Jolly. 2000. “Preventing Psychological Trauma in Soldiers: The Role of Operational Stress Training and Psychological Debriefing.” British Journal of Medical Psychology 73, no. 1 (2000): 77–85. doi.org/10.1348/000711200160318. [22] Rose, Suzanna C., Jonathan Bisson, Rachel Churchill, and Simon Wessely. 2002. “Psychological Debriefing for Preventing Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, no. 2 (2002). doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000560. [23] Robinson, Robyn C., and Jeffrey T. Mitchell.1993. “Evaluation of Psychological Debriefings.” Journal of Traumatic Stress 6, no. 3 (1993): 367–82. doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490060307. [24] Emmerik, Arnold AP van, Jan H Kamphuis, Alexander M Hulsbosch, and Paul MG Emmelkamp. 2002. “Single Session Debriefing after Psychological Trauma: A Meta-Analysis.” The Lancet 360, no. 9335 (September 7, 2002): 766–71. doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09897-5. [25] MacDonald, Catherine M. 2003. “Evaluation of Stress Debriefing Interventions with Military Populations.” Military Medicine 168, no. 12 (December 1, 2003): 961–68. doi.org/10.1093/milmed/168.12.961. [26] Tannenbaum, Scott I., and Christopher P. Cerasoli. 2013. “Do Team and Individual Debriefs Enhance Performance? A Meta-Analysis.” Human Factors 55, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 231–45. doi.org/10.1177/0018720812448394. [27] Regehr, Cheryl. 2001.”Crisis Debriefing Groups for Emergency Responders: Reviewing the Evidence.” Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention 1 (September 1, 2001): 87–100. doi.org/10.1093/brief-treatment/1.2.87. [28] Sonya Healy, Mark Tyrrell. 2012. “Importance of Debriefing Following Critical Incidents.” Text, August 28, 2012. doi.org/10.7748/en2013.03.20.10.32.s8. [29] Raphael, Beverley, Lenore Meldrum, and A. C. Mcfarlane. 1995. “Does Debriefing after Psychological Trauma Work?” BMJ 310, no. 6993 (June 10, 1995): 1479–80. doi.org/10.1136/ bmj.310.6993.1479. [30] Adler, Amy B., Carl Andrew Castro, and Dennis McGurk. 2009. “Time-Driven Battle mind Psychological Debriefing: A Group-Level Early Intervention in Combat.” Military Medicine 174, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 21–28. doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-00-2208.]]>