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Pleural Effusions: Causes, Types and Treatment

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Series: Pulmonary and Respiratory Diseases and Disorders
BISAC: MED079000

There is extensive literature available on pleural effusions and in recent years there has been significant developments in their diagnostic evaluation. The use of point of care ultrasound, pleural manometry, and medical pleuroscopy has expanded over the last decade. The goal of writing this book was to become a source or reference for clinicians who manage patients with pleural effusions.

Pleural space contains minimal amount of fluid and physiological processes keep a constant equilibrium so that it remains as such. Pleural effusions develop as a result of processes that disrupt this fine balance, as in heart failure, infections, and malignancies, which account for majority of the pleural effusions. Besides these three common causes, pleural effusions cause symptoms in many other conditions, some of which are common regardless of the etiology of the pleural effusion, such as, dyspnea and cough. Diagnosing the etiology becomes important as management can vary depending upon the cause. In some situations, involvement of the pleural space portends a poor prognosis, such as in malignancies and treatment focuses on symptom relief.

The chapters in the book span over a wide range of topics involving pleural effusions. Initial chapters focus on clinical presentation, radiology, diagnostic evaluation, and classification of pleural effusions. There is a chapter on malignant pleural effusions, pleural infections and empyema, rheumatological causes of pleural effusions and tubercular and fungal pleural effusions. Pleural manometry is an important tool in the work-up of a trapped lung and an entire chapter is dedicated to this topic. Another chapter focuses on interventional procedures including pleuroscopy. The last two chapters go over cases of pleural effusions which cover many of the topics covered in the book.

The book compiles recent literature on pleural effusions with an aim to help clinicians manage patients with pleural effusions effectively.

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Table of Contents

Table of Contents

Preface

Chapter 1. Clinical Presentation and Imaging of Pleural Effusions
(Rahul Khosla, MD, Amandeep S. Bawa, MD, and Kavita Vyas, MD, Pulmonary & CCM Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington DC, US)

Chapter 2. Etiology and Diagnostic Work-Up of Pleural Effusions
(Amandeep S. Bawa, MD, Montserrat Diaz-Abad, MD, Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, US, and others)

Chapter 3. Transudative Pleural Effusions
(Kavita Vyas, MD, Amandeep Bawa, MD, and Rahul Khosla, MD, Pulmonary & CCM Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington DC, US)

Chapter 4. Parapneumonic Effusions and Empyema
(Warren Naselsky, MD, Van K. Holden, MD, Lindsey B. Black, Ashutosh Sachdeva, MBBS, and Edward M. Pickering, MD, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, US, and others)

Chapter 5. Malignant Pleural Effusions
(Amrik S. Ray, MD, Van K. Holden, MD, Or Kalchiem-Dekel, MD, Edward M. Pickering, MD, Ashutosh Sachdeva, MBBS, Section of Interventional Pulmonology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, US)

Chapter 6. Hemothorax, Chylothorax, and Pseudochylothorax
(Katie R. Jeans, MD, Stephen Bujarski, MD, Venkata Bandi, MD, and Donald R. Lazarus, MD, Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Section, Baylor College of Medicine and the Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, US)

Chapter 7. Tuberculous and Fungal Pleural Effusion
(Ramasubramanian Balachandra, MD, and Janaki Deepak, MD, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University Of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, US, and others)

Chapter 8. Pleural Effusions in Rheumatological Diseases
(Georges Al-Helou, MD, and Rahul Khosla, MD, Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC, US, and others)

Chapter 9. Miscellaneous Causes of Pleural Effusions
(Kewakebt Lemma, MD, Ivana Milojevic, MD, Akshay Bhatnagar, MD, and Rahul Khosla, MD, Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, US, and others)

Chapter 10. Closed Pleural Biopsy and Pleuroscopy
(Justin Segraves, MD, Venkata Bandi, MD, and Donald R. Lazarus, MD, Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Section, Baylor College of Medicine and the Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, US)

Chapter 11. Interventional Management of Pleural Effusions
(Hyeon Yu, MD, Ari J. Isaacson, MD, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, US)

Chapter 12. Pleural Manometry
(Kurt Hu, MD, Terrill Huggins, MD, Malik Khan, MD, and Amit Chopra, MD, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, US, and others)

Chapter 13. Pleural Effusion Cases: Part 1
(Akshay Bhatnagar, MD, Kewakebt Lemma, MD, and Rahul Khosla, MD, Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC, US)

Chapter 14. Pleural Effusion Cases: Part 2
(Ivana Milojević, MD, and Rahul Khosla, MD, Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC, US, and others)

Index

Keywords: Pleural Effusions

Audience: Medical students, interns, residents pulmonary and critical care fellows, pulmonologists, interventional pulmonologists, thoracic surgeons, Physician assistants, Nurse practitioners and radiologists.

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