Table of Contents
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
Preface
About the Author
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1. Overview of the Book
Chapter 2. The Nature of Institutions, Institutional Theories and Institutional Analysis
Chapter 3. An Institutional Analysis of IHSE
Chapter 4. Strategies of Multinational Enterprises Toward IHSE
Chapter 5. Methodology and Research Design
Chapter 6. IHSE in Jiangsu and Shanghai
Chapter 7. The Strategies of MNEs towards IHSE: The Case of Eight MNE Subsidiaries in Jiangsu and Shanghai
Chapter 8. Survey Findings of the Strategies of MNE Subsidiaries toward IHSE
Chapter 9. Concluding Remarks: Deinstitutionalizing IHSE
References
Appendices
Glossary of Terms
Index
Reviews
“This book by Dr. Mike Zhang identifies and documents a unique institution which has shaped the character of modern Chinese society. It is an invaluable resource for those who want to better understand contemporary urban China.” – Peter J. Dowling, PhD, Professor of International Management & Strategy, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
“A remarkable book full of information and insight, painting a vivid picture of how a new institution has emerged and functioned and guiding us to understand contemporary China alive with paradoxes.” – Cherrie Jiuhua Zhu, PhD, Professor of Human Resource Management & Chinese Studies, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
“An exuberant book, rich with insights and helpful for understanding contemporary China.” -David Di Fan, PhD, Associate Professor of International Business, Curtain University, Perth, Australia
References
Alexander, P., & Chan, A. (2004). Does China have an apartheid pass system? Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 30(4), 609 – 629.Alstine, J. V. (2007). Institutions for the environmental governance of multinational corporations: The SAPREF oil refinery in Durban, South Africa. Paper presented on Earth System Governance: Theories and Strategies for Sustainability at the Amsterdam Conference on the Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change, 24-26 May 2007. Anand, J., & Delios, A. (1997). Location specificity and the transferability of downstream assets to foreign subsidiaries. Journal of International Business Studies 28(3) , 579–603. Ang, S. H., & Michailova, S. (2006). Institutional explanations of cross-border alliances modes: The case of emerging economies . Department of International Business, Faculty of Business & Economics, The University of Auckland. ASRIA (2002). Labour standards in China, the business and investment challeng , Association for Sustainable & Responsible Investment in Asia. Retrieved February 18, 2008 from, www.asria.org/publications/lib//LabourSummary.pdf. Bae, J., Chen, S., & Lawler, J. J. (1998). Variations in human resource management in Asian countries: MNC home-country and host-country effects. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 9 (4), 653-670. Bartlett, C. A., & Ghoshal, S. (1989). Managing across borders: The transitional solution Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press. Bevan, A., Estrin, S., & Meyer, K. (2004). Foreign investment location and institutional development in transition economies. International Business Review, 13 , 43-64. Björkman, I., Fey, C. F., & Park, H. J. (2007). Institutional theory and MNC subsidiary HRM practices: Evidence from a three-country study. Journal of International Business Studies 38 , 430–446.<br>Björkman, I., & Lu, Y. (2000). Local or global? Human resource management in international joint venture. In M. Warner (Eds.), Changing workplace relations in the Chinese economy . London: Macmillan Press. Botero, J. C., Djankov, S., Porta, R. L., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., & Shleifer, A. (2004). The regulation of labor. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, November , 1339-1382. Bouchard, T. J. J. (1976). Field research methods: Interviewing, questionnaires, participant observation, systematic observation, unobtrusive measures. In M. D. Dunnette (Eds.), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology . Chicago: Rand McNally College Publishing Company. Bouma, G. D., & Ling, R. (2004). The research process (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.<br>Boxall, P., & Purcell, J. (2000). Strategic human resource management: Where have we come from and should we be going? International Journal of Management Review, 2 (2), 183-203. Brewster, C., & Tregaskis, O. (2003). Convergence or divergence of contingent employment practices? Evidence of the role of MNCs in Europe. In W. N. Cooke (Eds.), Multinational Companies and Global Human Resource Strategies. Greenwood Publishing Group. Burchardt, T., Grand, J. L., & Piachaud, D. (2002). Introduction. In J. Hills, J. L. Grand & D. Piachaud (Eds.), Understanding Social Exclusion . Oxford: Oxford University Press.<br>Busenitz, L. W., Gomez, C., & Spencer, J. W. (2000). Country institutional profiles: Unlocking entrepreneurial phenomena. Academy of Management Journal, 43(5), 994-1003. Byerlee, D. (1974). Rural-urban migration in Africa: Theory, policy and research implications<i>International Migration Review, 8 (4), 543-566. Cai, F. (2001). Population in China: Modes and channels of migration Beijing: Press of Social Science Literature. Cai, F., Du, Y., & Wang, M. (2003). The political economy of the floating labour force Shanghai : People’s Press of Shanghai.Cai, J., & Liu, C. (2002). FDI in the development strategy of Jiangsu province. China Report,38, 491-502.Caronna, C. a. (2004). The misalignment of institutional ‘pillars’: Consequences for the U.S. health care field. Journal of Health and Social Behavior,45, 45-58.Cavana, R. Y., Delahaye, B. L., & Sekaran, U. (2001). Applied business research: Qualitative and quantitative methods. Milton, Australia: John Wily & Sons.Centre for Juvenile Legal Aid and Research (2005, June 21). Survey report on the costs of right-safeguard of rural migrant workers in China. China Daily, Version A03. Chan, A., & Nørlund, I. (1998). Vietnamese and Chinese labour regimes: On the road to divergence. The China Journal, 40, 173-197.Chan, K. W., & Buckingham, W. (2008). Is China abolishing the hukou system? The China Quarterly,195, 582-606.Chan, K. W., Liu, T., & Yang, Y. (1999).Hukou and non-hukou migrations in China: Comparisons and contrasts.International Journal of Population Geography,5, 425-448.Chan, K. W., & Zhang, L. (1999). Thehukou system and rural-urban migration in China: Processes and changes.The China Quarterly, 160: 818-855.Chen, H., & Hu, M. Y. (2002). An analysis of determinants of entry mode and its impact on performance. International Business Review, 11 (2), 193:210.Chen, X. (2012). ACFTU: 95 per cent of foreign companies will have a trade union by the end of 2013.Retrieved November 8, 2015 from, http://www.china.com.cn/policy/txt/2012-07/24/ content_25992921.htm.Cheng, T., & Selden, M. (1994). The origins and social consequences of China’s hukou system. The China Quarterly,139, 644-668.Child, J., & Markoczy, L. (1993). Host-country managerial behaviour and learning in Chinese and Hungarian joint ventures. Journal of management Studies, 30(4), 611-631.Child, J., & Tsai, T. (2005). The dynamic between firms’ environmental strategies and institutional constraints in emerging economies: Evidence from China and Taiwan. Journal of Management Studies, 42 (1), 95-125.CLB (China Labour Bulletin). (2006). CLB commentary on unionising Wal-mart in China. China Labour Bulletin. Retrieved June 16, 2008 from, http://www.clb.org.hk/en/node /39412. China Statistics Bureau (2012). 2011 Survey report on nationwide rural migrant workers. Retrieved October 20, 2015 from, http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/201305/t20130527 _12978.html China Statistics Bureau (2013). China statistical yearbook. Beijing: China Statistics Press. China Statistics Bureau (2014). China statistical yearbook. Beijing: China Statistics Press. China Statistics Bureau (2014). 2013 Survey report on nationwide rural migrant workers. Retrieved October 20, 2015 from, http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/201405/t201405 12_551585.html China Statistics Bureau (2014). Over 40 per cent of rural migrant workers hope to settle down in Shanghai. Retrieved July 5, 2015 from, http://www.stats-sh.gov.cn/fxbg/201404/269128.html. China Statistics Bureau (2015). 2014 Survey report on nationwide rural migrant workers. Retrieved October 20, 2015 from, http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/201504/t20150429 _797821.html Chow, I. H. (2004). The impact of institutional context on human resource management in three Chinese societies. Employee Relations, 26(6), 626 – 642. Clarke, S., Lee, C. H., & Li, Q. (2004). Collective consultation and industrial relations in China. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 42(2), 235-254. Clemens, B. W., & Douglas, T. J. (2005). Understanding strategic responses to institutional pressures. Journal of Business Research, 58, 1205-1213. Congressional-Executive Commission on China (2005). China’s household registration system: Sustained reform needed to protect China’s rural migrants. Retrieved March 1, 2008 from www.cecc.gov. Contractor, F. J., Lahiri, S., Elango, B., & Kundu, S. K. (2014). Institutional, cultural and industry related determinants of ownership choices in emerging market. International business review , 23(5), 931-941. Cooke, W. N. (2003). Multinational companies and global human resource strategies . Westport, CN: Quorum Books.<br>Covaleski, M., & Dirsmith, M. (1988). An institutional perspective of the rise, social transformation and fall of a university budget category. Administrative Science Quarterly, 33(4), 562-588. Coyle, A. (1982). Sex and skill in the organization of the clothing industry. In J. West (Eds.), Work, Women, and the Labour Market . London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. CPPCC (2007). A survey report on the development and role of trade unions in firms Retrieved June 16, 2008 from, http:// www.Yzzx .gov.cn/article.asp?articleid=6522. Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, London: SAGE Publications. Cun, F. (2001, March 30). Certificates crush migrant workers like a mountain Yangcheng Evening News . Retrieved July 20, 2009 from, http://news. sina.com.cn/s/220009.html. Dacin, M. T. (1997). Isomorphism in context: The power and prescription of institutional norms. Academy of Management Journal, 40(1) , 46-81. Dale, B. (2002). An institutionalist approach to local restructuring: The case of four Norwegian mining towns. European Urban and Regional Studies, >9(1) 5–20. Debrah, Y. A. (2002). Migrant workers in Pacific Asia . London: Frank Cass Publishers. Deephouse, D. L. (1996). Does isomorphism legitimate? Academy of Management Journal, 39(4), 1024-1039. Department for International Development (2004).Labour standards and poverty reduction. Retrieved August 28, 2008 from, http://www2.dfid.gov.uk/pubs/files/labourstandards June04.pdf. Diermeier, D., & Krehbiel, K. (2003). Institutionalism as a methodology. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 15 (2), 123-144. DiMaggio, P. (1998). The new institutionalisms: Avenues of collaboration. Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics,154, 696-705. DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1983). The iron cage revisited: institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 48(2), 147-160. DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1991). Introduction. In W. W. Powell & P. J. DiMaggio (Eds.), The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis . Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Ding, D. Z., Ge, G., & Warner, M. (2005). Evolution of organizational governance and human resource management in China’s township and village enterprises. In M. Warner (Eds.), Human Resource Management in China Revisited. London: Routledge.Ding, J., & Stockman, N.(1999). The floating population and the integration of the city community: A survey on Shanghai residents’ attitudes towards migrants. In H. Mallee & F. Pieke (Eds.), Internal and international migration: Chinese perspectives (pp. 119-133). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Dowling, P. J., Festing, M., & Engle, A.D. (2008). International human resource management (5th ed.) . London: Thomson.<br>Doz, Y., & Prahalad, C. K. (1993). Managing DMNEs: A search for a new paradigm. In S. Ghoshal & D. E. Westney (Eds.), Organization Theory and the Multinational Corporation. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Dunning, J. H. (1988). The eclectic paradigm of international production: A restatement and some possible extensions.Journal of International Business Studies,19, 1-31.Earley, P. C. (1989). Social loafing and collectivism: A comparison of the United States and the People’s Republic of China.Administrative Science Quarterly, 34(4) 565-581.Eden, L. & Miller, S. R. (2004). Distance Matters: Liability of foreignness, institutional distance and ownership strategy. In M.A. Hitt & J.L.C. Cheng (Eds.),The Evolving Theory of the Multinational Firm. Advances in International Management. Volume 16, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands.Edwards, T., & Kuruvilla, S. (2005). International HRM: National business systems, organizational polities and the international division of labour in MNCs. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(1), 1-21. Eisenhardt, K. M., & Graebner, M. E. (2007). Theory building from cases: Opportunities and callenges. Academy of Management Journal, 50(1), 25-32. Ensminger, J. (1998). Anthropology and the new institutionalism. Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 154, 774-789.<br>Etherington, L. D., & Richardson, A. J. (1994). Institutional pressures on university accounting education in Canada. Special Education Research Issue, Contemporary Accounting Research , 141-162. Falk, G. (2001). Stigma: How we treat outsiders. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.<br>Fan, C. C. (1999). Migration in a socialist transitional economy: Heterogeneity, socioeconomic and spatial characteristics of migrants in China and Guangdong province. International Migration Review, 33 (4), 954-987.<br>Fan, P. (2006). Development report of Chinese farmers in 2005 . In X. Ru, X. Y. Lu & P. L. Li (Eds.), Analysis and forecast of Chinese social development in 2006 Beijing: Press of Social Science Literature. Retrieved February 18, 2008 from, http://china.org.cn/chinese /zhuanti/06fxyc/1095870.htm.<br>Feng, Y., & Qian, C. (2006). 70 percent of foreign-funded companies has untionized in Shanghai Retrieved June 22, 2008 from, http:// news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2006-10/27/content_5257799.htm. Figart, D. M., & Mutari, E. (2004). Wage discrimiation in context: Enlarging the field of view. In D. P. Champlin & J. T. Knoedler (Eds.), The Institutionalist Tradition in Labor Economics. Armonk, New York: M.E.Sharpe. Firestone, W. A. (1987). Meaning in method: The rhetoric of quantitative and qualitative research. Educational Researcher , 16 (7), 16 -21. Foddy, W. (1993). Constructing questions for interviews and questionnaires . New York: Cambridge University Press.<br>Foundation with Hope (2008). Stigma and discrimination .Retrieved April 20, 2008 from, http://www.Hateamongstus.Net/fwh/comp/stigmaanddiscrimination.html.<br>Frenkel, S. J. (2001). Globalization, athletic footwear commodity chains and employment relations in China. Organization Studies, 22 (4), 531-562. Gallagher, M. E. (2004). “Time is money, efficiency is life”:The transformation of labor relations in China. Studies in Comparative International Development , 39(2), 11-44. Gamble, J. (2000). Localizing management in foreign-invested enterprises in China: Practical, cultural, and strategic perspectives. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 11 (5), 883–903. Gan, H. (2006, December 21). 207 MNEs that belong to the world top 500 have unionised in Jiangsu Retrieved June 18, 2008 from, http://www.jsgh.org/template/10001/file.jsp?aid=1156 Jiangsu Workers’ Daily.Gao, Y. (2008). Institutional environment and MNEs’ strategy in transitional China. Retrieved June 18, 2008 from, http://www2.fm-kp. si/zalozba/ISSN/1581-6311/6_1.htm. Managing Global Transitions, 6 (1), 5–21. Gilchrist, V. J. (1992). Key informant interviews. In B. F. Crabtree & W. L. Miller (Eds.), Doing qualitative research. Newbury Park: Sage Publications. Godard, J. (2002). Institutional environments, employer practices, and states in liberal market economies. Industrial Relations, 41(2), 249-286. Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity . New York: Simon and Schuster. Goodrick, E., & Salancik, G. R. (1996). Organizational discretion in responding to institutional practices: Hospitals and Cesarean births. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41, 1-28. Goodstein, J. D. (1994). Institutional pressures and strategic responsiveness: Employer involvement in work-family issues. Academy of Management Journal, 37 (2), 350-382.<br>Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness. The American Journal of Sociology, 91 (3), 481-510. Greene, J. C., Caracelli, V. J., & Graham, W. F. (1989). Toward an conceptual framework for mixed-method evaluation designs. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 11 (2), 255 – 274. Grosse, R., & Trevino, L. J. (2005). New institutional economics and FDI location in Central and Eastern Europe. Management International Review, 45(2), 123–145. Gu, P. (2008). The non-transference social insurance has become ‘‘local food coupon’’ and mingong flock to withdraw insurance,Retrieved April 18, 2008 from, http://news.Tom.Com/2008-02-24/oi27/83688845 .html. Gu, s., & Jian, X. (1994). Contemporary population migration and urbanization in China Wuhan: Wuhan University Press. Guang, L. (2001). Reconstituting the rural-urban divide: Peasant migration and the rise of “orderly migration” in contemporary China. Journal of Contemporary China, 10(28), 471-493. Hair, J., Tatham, A. R., & Black, W. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (5th ed) . Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall International. Halegua, A. (2008). Getting paid: Processing the labor disputes of China’s migrant workers Berkeley Journal of International Law , 26(1) 101-167.<br>Hall, P. (1986). Governing the economy: The politics of state intervention in Britain and France . Cambridge: Polity Press.<br>Hall, P. A., & Taylor, R. C. R. (1996). Political science and the three new institutionalisms. Political Studies, 44, 936-957. He, L. (2005, July 18). Why the central government policies protecting rural migrant workers have not been fully implemented China Youth Daily.He, R., & Fu, H. (2005). The change of values of the second generation of rural migrant workers Journal of Youth Studies 6, 38-40.<br>Helmke, G., & Levitsky, S. (2004). Informal institutions and comparative politics: A research agenda. Perspectives on Politics, 2(4)(4), 725-740. Henisz, W., & Swaminathan, A. (2008). Institutions and international business. Journal of International Business Studies, 39, 537-539. Henisz, W. J., & Delios, A. (2002). Learning about the institutional environment. Advances in Strategic Management, 19, 339-372. Hennart, J. F., & Larimo, J. (1998). The impact of culture on the strategy of multinational enterprises: Does national origin affect ownership decision? Journal of International Business Studies, 29(3), 515-538. Herzog, M. J., Pittman, R. B., & Kappan, P. D. (1995). Home, family, and community: Ingredients in the rural education equation . Retrieved April 10, 2008 from, http:// eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/recordDetail?accno=ED388463. Ho, P. T. (1959). Aspects of social mobility in China, 1368-1911. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 1 (4), 330-359. Hodgson, G. M. (2006). What are institutions? Journal of Economic Issues, 40 (1), 1-25. Hollingsworth, J. R. (2000). Doing institutional analysis: Implications for the study of innovations. Review of International Political Economy, 7(4) , 595-644.<br>Honig, E. (1992). Creating Chinese ethnicity: Subei people in Shanghai, 1850 – 1980 . New Haven: Yale University Press. Howe, K. R. (1988). Against the qantitative-qualitative incompatibility thesis or dogmas die hard. Educational Researcher, 17(8), 10-16. Hsing, Y.- T. (1998). Making capitalism in China: The Taiwan connection. New York Oxford University Press. Hu, W., Zhang, Z., & Zhang, G. (2007). How much of the difference of the contribution and enjoyness of rural migrant workers? China Scientific Papers Online. Retrieved February 18 from, http://www.paper.edu.cn Huang, F. (1987). China’s introduction of foreign technology and external trade: Analysis and options. Asian Survey , 27(5), 577-594. Huang, P. & Pieke, F.N. (2003). China migration country study. Paper Presented at the Conference on Migration, Development and Pro-Poor Policy Choices in Asia , Dhaka, June 22–24, 2003. Huang, Y. (2003). Selling China: Foreign direct investment during the reform era . New York: Cambridge University Press. ICMDA (2008). A theology of stigma in a time of HIV and AIDS . International Christian Medical & Dental Association. Retrieved April 12, 2008 from, http://www. icmdahivinitiative.org/pages/a-theology-of-stigma.php# IRB (Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada). (1998). China internal migration and the floating population. Retrieved September 1, 2009 from, http://www.unhcr.org/refworld /docid/3ae6a83c1c.html. Ingram, P., & Simons, T. (1995). Institutional and resource dependence determinants of responsiveness to work-family issues. Academy of Management Journal, 38(5), 1466-1482. ILO (International Labour Office).(2001). International migration, racism, discrimination and xenophobia. For distribution at the World Conference against Racism, Racial discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance. Retrieved April 4, 2008 from, http://www.unesco.org/most/migration/imrdx.pdf. Jackson, G., & Deeg, R. (2008). Comparing capitalisms: Understanding institutional diversity and its implications for international business. Journal of International Business Studies 39, 540–561. Jiangsu HR & Social Security Bureau (2010). 2009 survey on rural migrant workers in Jiangsu 2009 Retrieved July 10, 2014 from, http://www.js.lss.gov.cn /file/service/zt/091217nmgzt/091218nmg.html. Jiangsu Statistics Bureau (2013). Jiangsu statistical yearbook. Beijing: China Statistics Press. Jiangsu Statistics Bureau (2015). 2000-2014 Statistics bulletin for Jiangsu economic and social development. 2000-2014 Retrieved March 20, 2015 from, http://www.jssb.gov.cn. Jong, G., Phan, T. B., & van Ees, H. (2011). Does the meta-environment determine firm performance? Theory and evidence from European multinational enterprises. International Business Review , 20(4), 454-465. JSDRC (2007). An analysis on utilising FDI in Jiangsu in 2006 Retrieved June 18, 2008 from, http://www.jsdpc.gov.cn/jsdpc/wmyjm/zhdt/<br>200710/t20071017_20976.htm. Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A., & Mastruzzi, M. (2007). Governance matters VII: Aggregate and individual governance indicators 1996-2007. (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 4654). Retrieved June 24, 2008 from, http://ssrn.com/abstract=1148386.King, N. (1994). The qualiative research interview. In C. Cassell & g. Symon (Eds.), Qualitative methods in organizational research . London: Sage Publications.<br>Kirchgeorg, M. (1993). Oekologieorientiertes Unternehmensverhalten, Gabler Verlag, Wiesbaden 1990. Translated in C. Nitsche, Banks and the Environment – A European Comparison, First Year Report (pp. 16-20). The Judge Institute of Management Studies, University of Cambridge. Kiser, L., & Ostrom, E. (1982). The three worlds of action: A metatheoretical synthesis of institutional approaches. In E. Ostrom (Eds.), Strategies of political inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Knight, J., & Song, L. (1999). Employment constraints and sub-optimality in Chinese enterprises.Oxford Economic Papers, 51 (2), 284-298.Kogut (2001). Multinational corporations. In N. J. Smelser & P. B. Baltes (Eds.), International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences. Oxford: Elsevier.Kogut, B., & Singh, H. (1988). The effect of national culture on the choice of entry mode Journal of International Business Studies,19, 411–432.Kostova, T. (1996). Success of the transnational transfer of organizational practices within multinational companies. Unpublished manuscript, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.Kostova, T. (1999). Transnational transfer of strategic organizational practices: A contextual perspective. Academy of Management Review,24 (2), 308.Kostova, T., & Zaheer, S. (1999). Organizational legitimacy under conditions of complexity: The case of the multinational enterprise.Academy of Management Review,24(1), 64-81.<br>Krasner, S. D. (1984). Approaches to the state: Alternative conceptions and historical dynamics. Comparative Politics, 16(2), 223-246.<br>Laffan, B. (2001). The European Union polity: A union of regulative,normative and cognitive pillars. Journal of European Public Policy, 8(5), 709-727.Lai, P. (2002). Foreign direct investment in China:Recent trends and patterns. China & World Economy, Number 2. Retrieved May 18, 2008 from, http://old.iwep.org.cn/wec/english /articles/2002_02/laipingyao.pdf. <br>Lee, C. K. (2007). Against the law: Labour protests in China’s rustbelt and sunbelt Berkeley, Cal.: University of California Press.Lewin, A. Y. (2005). Letter from the Editor. Journal of International Business Studies,36, 355–356.Lewin, A. Y., & Volberda, H. W. (1999). Prolegomena on coevolution: A rramework for research on strategy and new organizational forms. Organization Science, 10 (5) 519-534.<br>Li, B. (2005). Urban social change in transitional China: A perspective of social exclusion and vulnerability. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 13 (2), 54-65.Li, J., Moy, J., Lam, K., & Chu, W. L. C. (2007). Institutional pillars and corruption at the societal level. Journal of Business Ethics, November 29. Retrieved June 10, 2008 from, http://www.springerlink.com/content/x7113938784m37vj.Li, Q., & Resnick, A. (2003). Reversal of fortunes: Democratic institutions and foreign direct investment inflows to developing countries. International Organization, 57, 175-211.Li, X. J. (2004). Mingong. In X. J. Li (Eds.), Modern Dictionary of Normal Chinese Beijing: Press of Foreign Language Teaching and Research & Yuwen Press. Liang, Z. (2001). The age of migration in China. Population and Development Review , 27(3), 499-524. Liang, Z., & White, M. J. (1996). Internal migration in China, 1950-1988 Demography,33(3), 375-384.Lincoln, J. R., Hanada, M., & McBride, K. (1986). Organizational structures in Japanese and U.S. manufacturing Administrative Science Quarterly, 31(3), 338-364.Lindenberg, S. (1998). The cognitive turn in institutional analysis: Beyond NIE and NIS? Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 154, 716-727.Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 363-385. Liu, H. (2006). Safeguarding the legal rights of mingong through resolving the prominent problems In Research Office of the State Council (Eds.), Survey Reports on the Problems of Rural Migrant Workers in China (pp. 535-540). Beijing: China Yanshi Press.Lowndes, V. (1996). Varieties of new institutionalism: A critical appraisal. Public Administration,74, 181-197.<br>Lu, X.Y. (2006). Paying attention to research and resolve the problems related to mingong. In Research Office of State Council (Eds.), Survey Report on the Problems of Rural Migrant Workers in China Beijing: China Yanshi Press. Lu, X. (1998). An interface between individualistic and collectivistic orientations in Chinese cultural values and social relations. Howard Journal of Communications, 9(2) 91-107.Lu, Z. (2009). Shanghai: 2.8 million rural migrants have joined the Trade Union 282.6 Retrieved September 10, 2014 from, http://www.shagri.org/ zxb/xwsd/bdxw/200912/t20091223_142976.html. Luthra, P. (2008). Competency enhancement in KM programs: Understanding the role of environmental interpretation mechanisms (EIMS) . Retrieved June 15, 2008 from, http://ssrn.com/abstract=1126117. Manning, M. L., & Munro, D. (2006). The survey researcher’s SPSS cookbook Frenchs Forest NSW, Australia: Pearson Education.<br>March, J. G., & Olsen, J. P. (1989). Rediscovering institutions . New York: Free Press.<br>Marquis, C., & Battilana, J. (2007) Acting globally but thinking locally? The influence of local communities on organizations (Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 08-034). Retrieved June 15, 2008 from, http://www.hbs.edu/research/facpubs/ workingpapers/papers0708.html#wp08-034. Marx, K. (1967). Capital (Vol. 1). New York: International Publishers. Matten, D., & Geppert, M. (2004). Work systems in heavy engineering: The role of national culture and national institutions in multinational corporations. Journal of International Management , 10(2), 177-198. Mayer, R. R. (1982). Social science and institutional change. N.J.: New Brunswick. McCracken, G. (1988). The long interview (Vol. 13). Beverly Hills, Calif: SAGE Publications. Mclntyre, R., & Ramstad, Y. (2004). Not only nike’s doing it: ‘Sweating’ and the contemporary labor market. In D. P. Champlin & J. T. Knoedler (Eds.), The institutionalist tradition in labor economics . Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe.<br>Meng, F. (2002). On the path dependency of the evolvement of labour migration institutions in China Journal of Beijing Institute of Planned Labour Management Cadres 2, 10-13. Merriam-Webster’s Online Thesaurus (1995). Merriam-Webster’s Online Thesaurus . Retrieved April 10, 2008 from, http://www.merriam-webster.com/thesaurus/bumpkin. Merriam, S. B. (1991). Case study research in education: A qualitative approach . Oxford: Jossey Bass.<br>Merriam, S. B. (1998). Qualitative research and case study applications in education . San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Meyer, J. W. (1994). Institutional and organizational rationalization in the mental health system. In W. R. Scott & J. W. Meyer (Eds.), Institutional environments and organizations. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. Meyer, J. W., Boli, J., & Thomas, G. M. (1994). Ontology and rationalization in the western cultural account. In W. R. Scott & J. W. Meyer (Eds.), Institutional environments and organizations . Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. Meyer, J. W., & Rowan, B. (1977). Institutionalized organizations: Formal structure as myth and ceremony. The American Journal of Sociology, 83(2), 340-363. Meyer, J. W., Scott, W. R., & Strang, D. (1994). Centralization, fragmentation, and school district complexity. In W. R. Scott & J. W. Meyer (Eds.), Institutional environments and organizations . Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. Meyer, K.E. (2001). Institutions, transaction costs and entry mode choice in Eastern Europe. Journal of International Business Studies, 32(2), 357–367. Meyer, K. E. (2004). Perspectives on multinational enterprises in emerging economies. Journal of International Business Studies, 35, 259-276.<br>Mignerat, M., & Rivard, S. (2005). Positioning the institutional perspective in information technology research . Retrieved April 8, 2008 from, http://neumann.hec.ca/chairegestionti /cahiers/cahier0501.pdf.<br>Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications. Miller, V. V., & Loess, K. (2002). An institutional analysis of the US foreign sales corporation. Internaitonal Business Review, 11, 753-763. Milliken, F. J., Martins, L. L., & Morgan, H. (1998). Explaining organizational responsiveness to work-family issues: The role of human resource executives as issue interpreters. Academy of Management Journal, 41(5), 580-592. Mirza, H., Sparkes, J. R., & Buckley, P. J. (1996). Contrasting perspectives on American and European direct investment in Japan. Business Economics, 31(1), 42–48. MOFCOM (2014). Statistics of FDI in China in January-December 2013. Retrieved Nov.8 from http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/statistic/foreigninvestment/201402/2014020<br>0498911.shtml. MOFCOM (2015) Hucheng Gao: China has still been the favoured destination of foreign investment Retrieved November 8, 2015 from, http:// search.mofcom.gov.cn/swb/recordShow.jsp?flag=0&lang=0&base=iflow_02&id=www201505009876721&value=(%25). MoLSS(The Ministry of Labor and Social Security), 2006a). A Study on the current employment of rural migrant workers and the construction of labor market. In Research Offiece of the State Council (Eds.) Survey reports on the problems of rural migrant workers in China (pp. 129-139). Beijing: China Yanshi Press. MoLSS (The Ministry of Labour and Social Security), 2006b). The current employment scale, structure and features of rural migrant workers In Research Office of the State Council (Eds.) Survey reports on the problems of rural migrant workers in China Beijing: China Yanshi Press. Moorman, R. H., & Podsakoff, P. M. (1992). A meta-analytical review and empirical test of the potential confounding effects of social desirability response sets in organizational behaviour research. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 65, 131-149. Moosa, I. A. (2002). Foreign direct investment: Theory, evidence, and practice . Basingstoke Palgrave. Morishima, M. (1995). Embedding HRM in a social context British Journal of Industrial Relations, 33(4), 617- 640. Morley, M. J., & Collings, D. G. (2004). Contemporary debates and new directions in HRM in MNCs: Introduction. International Journal of Manpower , 25(6), 487-499. Morse, J. M. (1991). Approaches to qualitative-quantitative methodological trangulation. Nursing Research, 40 (1), 120-123. Morse, J. M. (1994). Critical issues in qualitative research methods. London: Sage. Mudambi, R., & Navarra, P. (2002). Institutions and international business: A theoretical overview. International Business Review, 11 , 635-646. Municipal government of Kunming (2002). Circular on deepen the household registration system reform of Kunming Retrieved March 2, 2008 from, http://www.yn.gov.cn/yunnan,china/73184597868806144 /20060214/1043914.html. Municipal government of Qingdao (2004). Circular on deepening the household registration reform Retrieved March 2, 2008 from, http://www.hdga.gov.cn/bszn/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=56 Murtha, T. P., & Lenway, S. A. (1994). Country capabilities and the strategic state: How national political institutions affect multinational corporations’ strategies. Strategic Management Journal, 15, 113-129.<br>Nanjing Municipal Government (1995) Provisional regulations on the management of blue stamp urban-hukou in Nanjing Retrieved April 7, 2008 from, http://www.law-lib.com/lawhtm/1995/25964.htm.<br>Neale, W. C. (1987). Institutions.Journal of Economic Issues 11(3), 1177-1206. Nee, V. (1998). Sources of the new institutionalism. In M. C. Brinton & V. Nee (Eds.), The new institutionalism in Sociology . New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Ngai, P. (2004). Women workers and precarious employment in Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, China. Gender and Development, 12(2), 29-36. Nielsen, I., Nyland, C., Smyth, R., & Zhang, M. (2007). Migration and the right to social security: Perceptions of off-farm migrants’ rights to social insurance in China’s Jiangsu province. China & World Economy, 15(2), 29-43. Nielsen, K. (2001). Institutionalist approaches in the social sciences: Typology, dialogue and future challenges. Journal of Economic Issues, 35(2), 505-516. North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, institutional change and economic performance . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. North, D. C. (1991). Institutions. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5(1), 97-112. North, D. C. (1998). Economic performance through time. In M. C. Brinton & V. Nee (Eds.), The new institutionalism in Sociology (p. 247). New York: Russell Sage Foundation. O’Donoghue, T., & Punch, K. (2003). Qualitative educational research in action: Doing and reflecting . London: Routledge. OECD (2006) OECD Risk Awareness Tool for Multinational Enterprises in Weak Governance Zones. Retrieved February 18, 2009 from, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/ 26/21/36885821.pdf.<br>OECD (2008). Encouraging responsible business conduct in China (Chapter 4). OECD Investment Policy Reviews: China 2008 Retrieved May 5, 2008 from, http://www. oecd.org/dataoecd/25/12/41792733.pdf.<br>Office of Shanghai > Chorography. (2004). The floating population in Shanghai Shanghai Yearbook . Retrieved March 23, 2008 from, http://www.shtong. gov.cn /node2/node19828/node71798/node71862/node71946/userobject1ai77060.html. Oliver, C. (1991). Strategic responses to institutional processes. The Academy of Management Review, 16 (1), 145-179. Oliver, C. (1992). The antecedents of deinstitutionalization. Administrative Studies, 13 (4) 563-588. Oliver, C. (1997). Sustainable competitive advantage: Combining institutional and resource-based views. Strategic Management Journal, 18 (9), 697-713. Opotow, S. (1990). Moral exclusion and injustice: An introduction. Journal of Social Issues, 46 (1), 1-20. Paauwe, J. (2004). HRM in its context: An institutional perspective. In J. Paauwe (Eds.), HRM and performance: Achieving long-term viability . New York: Oxford University Press. Paauwe, J., & Boselie, P. (2005). ‘Best Practices … in spite of performance’: Just a matter of imitation? International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(6), 987-1003. Padmanabhan, P., & Cho, K. R. (1996). Ownership strategy for a foreign affiliate: An empirical investigation of Japanese firms. Management International Review, 36 (1), 45–65. Pajunen, K. (2008). Institutions and inflows of foreign direct investment: a fuzzy-set analysis. Journal of International Business Studies 39 (4), 652-669. Pallant, J. (2005). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for Windows . Crows Nest NSW, Australia: Allen & Unwin. Parto, S. (2005). Economic activity and institutions: Taking stock .Journal of Economic Issues, 34(1), 21-52. Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods . London: Sage.<br>Paulhus, D. L. (1998). Paulhus Deception Scales (PDS) . NY: Multi-Health Systems Inc. Peng, M. W. (2003). Institutional transitions and strategic choices. Academy of Management Review, 28 (2), 275-296. Peters, B. G. (1999). Institutional theory in Political Science: The ‘new institutionalism.’ London: Pinter.<br>Pfeffer, J., & Salancik, G. (2003). The external control of organizations: A resource dependence perspective . Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. Powell, W. W. (1991). Expanding the scope of institutional analysis. In W. W. Powell & P. J. DiMaggio (Eds.), The new institutionalism in organizational analysis . Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Powell, W. W., & DiMaggio, P. J. (Eds.). (1991). The new institutionalism in organizational analysis . Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Qi, Z., & Sun, Y. (2003). The unpaid wages of rural migrant workers in China have reached about 100 billion yuan Retrieved February 18, 2008 from, http://www.china.com.cn/chinese/kuaixun/448141.htm. Ragins, B. R. (2008). Disclosure disconnects: Antecedents and consequences of disclosing invisible stigmas across life domains. Academy of Management Review, 33(1), 194-215. Ramsey, J. R. (2005). The role of other orientation on the relationship between institutional distance and expatriate adjustment. Journal of International Management, 11, 377– 396.<br>Rappaport, A., & Flaherty, M. F. (1992). Corporate responses to environmental challenges: Initiatives by multinational management. New York: Quorum Books. Regnér, P., & Edman, J. (2014). MNE institutional advantage: How subunits shape, transpose and evade host country institutions. Journal of International Business Studies , 45(3), 275-302. Research Office of the State Council (2006). Survey reports on the problems of rural migrant workers in China ,Beijing: China Yanshi Press.<br>Richter, R. (1998). Views and comments on the ‘new institutionalism’ in Sociology, Political Science, and Anthropology. Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 154 (4), 694-695. Roberts, K. D. (2002). Rural migrants in urban China: Willing workers, invisible residents. In Y. A. Debrah (Eds.), Migrant workers in pacific Asia. London: Frank Cass Publishers. Roome, N. (1992). Developing environmental management strategies. Business Strategy and the Environment , 1(1), 11-24.<br>Rosenthal, P. (1995). Balancing the organizational and institutional perspectives in research on HRM change. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 33(4), 651- 656. Rosenzweig, P. M., & Nohria, N. (1994). Influences on human resource management practices in multinational corporations. Journal of International business Studies, Second Quarter , 229-251. Rosenzweig, P. M., & Singh, J. V. (1991). Organizational environments and the multinational enterprise. Academy of Management Review, 16(2), 340-361 Roskilde Institutionalist Network (2008). Roskilde institutionalist network . Retrieved June 15, 2008 from, http://www.ruc.dk/rin/Program_statement. Rossman, G. B., & Wilson, B. L. (1984). Numbers and words: Combining quantitative and qualitative methods in a single large-scale evaluation study. Evaluation Review , 9(5), 627 – 643. Roth, K., & Kostova, T. (2003). The use of the multinational corporation as a research context. Journal of Management, 29, 883 – 902. Rozelle, S., Guo, L., Shen, M., Hughart, A., & Giles, J. (1999). Leaving China’s farms: Survey results of new paths and remaining hurdles to rural migration. The China Quarterly,158, 367-393. Ruef, M., & Scott, W. R. (1998). A multidimensional model of organizational legitimacy: Hospital survival in changing institutional environments. Administrative Science Quarterly, 43, 877-904. Rutherford, M. (1994). Institutions in Economics: The old and the new institutionalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. SAIC (2006) A statistical analysis on foreign-funded enterprises in Shanghai in 2005 Retrieved May 18, 2008 from, htttp://wzj.saic. gov.cn/pub/ShowContent.asp?CH=GZDT&ID=814&myRandom=.98143758999191. >Schmitt, N. W., & Klimoski, R. J. (1991). Research methods in human resource management . Cincinnati: South-Western Publishing Company. Schotter, A. (1981). The economic theory of social institutions . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Schroder, H., Hofacker, d., & Muller-Camen, M. (2009). HRM and the employment of older workers: Germany and Britain compared. International Journal of Human Resources Development and Management , 9(2/3), 162-179. Schulte, B. (2003). Social hierarchy and group solidarity: The meanings of work and vocation/profession in the Chinese context and their implicaitons for vocational education International Review of Education, 49(1-2), 213-239.<br>Scott, R. W., & Meyer, J. W. (1994). The organization of societal sectors: Propositions and early evidence. In W. W. Powell & P. J. DiMaggio (Eds.), The new institutionalism in organizaitonal analysis. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Scott, W. R. (1983). The organization of environments: Network, cultural, and historical elements. In J. W. M. a. W. R. Scott (Eds.), Organizational environments: Ritual and rationality (pp. 155-178). Beverly Hills, CA.: Sage. Scott, W. R. (1995). Introduction: Institutional theory and organizations. In W. R. Scott & S. Christensen (Eds.), The institutional construction of organizations . Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.<br>Scott, W. R. (2001). Institutions and organizations (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.<br>Scott, W. R. (2003). Institutional carriers: Reviewing modes of transporting ideas over time and space and considering their consequences. Industrial and Corporate Change, >12(4), 879-894. Shanghai Statistics Bureau (2007). Shanghai statistical yearbook . Beijing: China Statistics Press Shanghai Statistics Bureau (2011). The status quo and characteristics of non-local hukou holders in Shanghai Retrieved July 20, 2014 from, http://www.stats-sh.gov.cn/fxbg/201109/232741.html.<br>Shanghai Statistics Bureau (2014). 2013 Statistics bulletin for Shanghai economic and social development. Retrieved July 18, 2014 from, http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/nw2/nw2314/nw2319/nw11494/nw12335/u21aw919456.html. Shanghai Statistics Bureau (2015). 2000-2014 Statistics bulletin for Shanghai economic and social development. Retrieved March 20, 2015 from, http://www.stats-sh.gov.cn/sjfb/201502/277392.html.<br>Sieber, J. E. (1992). Ethics of social research: Vol. 1. Surveys and experiments. Vol. 2. Field work, reglation, and publicaiton . New York: Springer-Verlag. Siggelkow, N. (2007). Persuasion with case studies. Academy of Management Journal, 50 (1), 20-24. Silver, H. (1994). Social exclusion and social solidarity: Three paradigms. International Labour Review, 133(6), 531-577.<br>Single, L. E. (1999). Tax holidays and firms’ subsidiary location decisions. Journal of the American Taxation Association, 21 (2), 17–34.<br>Solinger, D. J. (1991). China’s transients and the state: A form of civil society?</i> Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies.<br>Solinger, D. J. (1999a). Citizenship issues in China’s internal migration: Comparisons with Germany and Japan Political Science Quarterly, 114 (3), 455-478. Solinger, D. J. (1999b) Contesting citizenship in urban China: Peasant migrants, the state, and the logic of the market . Berkeley: University of California Press. Spradley, J. P. (1979). The ethnographic interview . New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Stahl, G., & Björkman, I. (2006). Handbook of research in international human resource management . London: Edward Elgar Publishing. Stephen, M. S., & Johannes, M. (1993). Second generation’ MNCs in China.The McKinsey Quarterly, 4 , 3-16.<br>Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, London: Sage Publications. Sturdy, A. (2004). The adoption of management ideas and practices. Management Learning, 35(2), 155-179. Suchman, M. C. (1995). Managing legitimacy: Strategic and institutional approches. The Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 571-610. Sun, J., & Huang, H. (2003). Premier Wen claimed unpaid wages for a rural migrant when he visited the region of Three Gorges >Retrieved Feburary 18, 2008 from, http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2003-10-27/17221001834s.shtml. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2006). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.)Boston: Alyn & Bacon.Tao, H. (2006). Suggestions on resolving the problems related to the wage of mingong In Research Office of the State Council (Eds.), Survey reports on the problems of rural migrant workers in China Beijing: China Yanshi Press.Taylor, R. (1989). Chinese hierarchy in comparative perspective.The Journal of Asian Studies,48(3), 490-511.Thakur, R. (2002). China’s reform of the domicile system (hukou zhidu). China Report, 38, 299 – 306. Retrieved March 292, 2008 from http://chr.sagepub.com.Tharenou, P., Donohue, R., & Cooper, B. (2007).Management research methods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.The Order of President of PRC (1958). The household registration regulations of the People’s Republic of China Retrieved March 6, 2008 from, http://www.law-lib.com/law/law_view.asp?id=1338. Thompson, E. R., & Phua, F. T. (2005). Reliability among senior mangers of the Marlowe-Crowne short-form social desirability scale. Journal of Business and Psychology, 19(4), 541-554. Timmermans, A. (2000). Design in context: Applying institutional analysis in social designing. In H. Wagenaar (Eds.), Government institutions: Effects, changes and normative foundations . Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Tolbert, P. S. & Zucker, L. G.(1996). The institutionalization of institutional theory. In S. Clegg, C. Hardy and W. Nord (Eds.),Handbook of Organization Studies. London: Sage.Trevinoa, L. J., Thomas, D. E., & Cullena, J. (2008). The three pillars of institutional theory and FDI in Latin America: An institutionalization process.International Business Review, 17, 118–133.<br>Tsai, S.H., & Child, J. (1997). Strategic responses of multinational corporations to environmental demands. Journal of General Management,23(1), 1-22.Tsang, E. W. (1994). Human resource management problems in Sino-foreign joint ventures.International Journal of Manpower, 15 (9), 4-21.<br>Tseng, W., & Zebregs, H. (2002).Foreign direct investment in China: Some lessons for other countries. IMF Policy Discussion Papers, Retrieved April 20, 2008 from, https://www. imf.org/external/pubs/cat/longres.cfm?sk=15615.0.<br>UNCTAD (2015a).World Investment Report 2015:Reforming International Investment Governance. New York and Geneva.UNCTAD (2015b). Foreign direct investment flows and stock. Retrieved January 12, 2016 from, http://unctadstat. unctad.org/wds/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=96740.Van Maanen, J. (1983).Qualitative methodology. Beverly Hills: Sage. Vandenburgh, H. (2002). Organizational and ethical conflict in the breakup of a physician group: A new institutional approach Journal of Management Research, 3, 28-43.Veal, A. J. (2005)Business research methods: A managerial approach (2nd ed.). French Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Education Australia/Addison Wesley. Wan, X., & Cong, Y. (2003, September 24). For the first time the report of All-China Federation of Trade Unions permits rural workers to join the official trade union China Youth Daily .Retrieved Feburary 18, 2008 from, http://zqb.cyol.com/content/2003-09/24/content_738964.htm. Wang, F., & Zuo, X. (1999). Inside China’s cities: Institutional barriers and opportunities for urban migrants The American Economic Review, 89 (2) 276-280. Wang, F., Zuo, X., & Ruan, D. (2002). Rural migrants in Shanghai : Living under the shadow of socialism. International Migration Review , 36, 520 – 545. Wang, H. Z. (2012). Jiangsu: Union members had increased 50 per cent in the past five years Retrieved September 20, 2014 from, http://news. gog.cn/system/2009/09/12/010646778.shtml. Wang, Z. (2000). Gender, employment and women’s resistance. In E. J. Perry & M. Selden (Eds.), Chinese society: Change, conflict and resistance . London: Routledge Wei, W. B. (2002). An analysis on the investment strategy of MNEs in China with the example of Suzhou. Journal of Academia, 2, 193-197. Westney, D. E. (1993). Institutionalization theory and the multinational corporation. In S. Ghoshal & D. E. Westney (Eds.), Organization theory and the multinational corporation . New York: St. Martin’s Press Whitley, R. (1999). Divergent capitalisms: The social structuring and change of business systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press.<br>Windrow, H., & Guha, A. (2005). The hukou system, migrant workers, & state power in the People’s Republic of China. Northwestern University Journal of International Human Rights. Retrieved March 1, 2008 from, http://www.law.northwestern.edu/journals/jihr /v3/3. Wolff, C. J. D., Drenth, P. J. D., & Thierry, H. (1998). </i> Handbook of work and organizational psychology (Vol. 4) . Hove: Psychology Press. Wong, D. F., Li, C. Y., & Song, H. X. (2007). Rural migrant workers in urban China: Living a marginalised life International Journal of Social Welfare, 16(1), 32–40. Wong, J., & Lai, H. (2006). Introduction: The Hu-Wen New Deal. In J. Wong & H. Lai (Eds.), China Into the Hu-Wen Era: Policy Initiatives and Challenges (pp. 3-29). Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Company.<br>Wong, L. (1994). China’s urban migrants – the public policy challenge. Pacific Affairs, >67(3), 335-355. Woon, Y. (1999). Labor migration in the 1990s: Homeward orientation of migrants in the Pear River Delta region and its implications for interior China. Modern China , 25 (4), 475-512. Worm, V., & Frankenstein, J. (2000). The dilemma of managerial cooperation in Sino-Western business operations. Thunderbird International Business Review, 42(3), 261-283. Wu, C., Lawler, J. J., & Yi, X. (2008). Overt employment discrimination in MNC affiliates: Home-country cultural and institutional effects. Journal of International Business Studies, 39, 772–794. Wu, H. X. & Zhou, L. (2005). Rural-to-Urban Migration in China. Asian-Pacific economic Literature 10 (2), 54-67. Wu, J. (2007). Chinese migrant workers under differential citizenship: A comparative-institutional analysis (Working Paper # 2007-1). Retrived February 26, 2008 from, http://cfcc.nthu.edu.tw/cfcc/file/2007-JM-1.pdf. Center for Contemporary China, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan. Xiang, B. (2003). Migration and health in China: Problems, obstacles and solutions (Asian Metacentre Research Paper Series, No. 17). Retrieved February 18, 2008 from, http://www.populationasia.org/Publications/RP/AMCRP17.pdf.<br>Xin, F. (2004). Probing into the ‘Tendency of wholly-owned Investment’ of MNEs in light of their ‘Strategy of Technology-Lockup.’ Journal of Techno-economics and Management Research, 2, 28-29.<br>Xu, D., Pan, Y. G., & Beamish, P. W. (2004). The effect of regulative and normative distances on MNE ownership and expatriate strategies. Management International Review, 44, 285-307. Xu, D., & Shenkar, O. (2002). Institutional distance and the multinational enterprise ,Academy of Management Review , 27(4), 608-618. Xu, F. (2000). Women migrant workers in China’s economic reform . London: Macmillan Press LTD.<br>Yan, D. & Warner, M. (2001) ‘Sino-foreign joint ventures’ versus ‘wholly foreign owned enterprises’ in the People’s Republic of China . Judge Institute of Management,Cambridge University, Research Paper No.2001/11.<br>Yin, R. K. (1984) Case study research: Design and methods . Beverly Hills, Calif: SAGE Publications. Yin, R. K. (2003). Case study research: Design and methods . Thousand Oaks.: Sage Publications.<br>Yin, R. K. (2009). Case study research: Design and methods . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Zaheer, S. (1995). Overcoming the liability of foreignness. Academy of Management Journal, 38(2), 341-363 .Zhan, S. (2005). Rural labour migration in China: Challenges for policies (UNESCO policy papers /10). UNESCO Office, Beijing. Retrieved Feberary 18, 2007 from, http:// unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001402/140242e.pdf. Zhang, H. X. (1999). Female migration and urban labour markets in Tianjin. Development and Change, 30, 21-41. Zhang, M. Q., Nyland, C., & Zhu, C. (2010). Hukou-based HRM in contemporary China: The case of Jiangsu and Shanghai. Asia Pacific Business Review, 16 (3), 361 – 377. Zhang, M. Q., Zhu, C. J., & Nyland, C. (2014). The institution of hukou-based social exclusion: A unique institution reshaping the characteristics of contemporary urban China. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research , 38 (4), 1437-1457.<br>Zhao, S.M., Zhu, C. J. H., Engle, A. D., & Mendenhall, M., E. (2006). Transnational ergonomics: A new school of transnational human resource management. Economic Management (12), 4-10. Zhong, Y. (2003). Local government and politics in China: Challenges from below Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. Zhou, W. (2006). A study on the legitimacy of local regulations regarding employment of rural immigrants. Journal of Sichuan University (Social Science Edition) , 3, 128-135. Zhu, L. (2003). The hukou system of the People’s Republic of China: A critical appraisal under international standards of internal movement and residence. Chinese Journal of International Law,2, 519-565. Zhu, N. (2002). The impacts of income gaps on migration decisions in China. China Economic Review, 13, 213-230. Zhu, S.L., & Wang, Y. (2013). The salary of rural migrants in Jiangsu province is 387 yuan higher than the national average salary of their counterparts.387 Retrieved July 10, 2014 from, http://finance.people.com.cn/n/2013/ 0619/c1004- 21887119.html.
The intended audiences of this book include researchers of international business, human resource management, sociology, and Chinese studies; executives of government, NGOs, and multinational enterprises; as well as all those who are interested in understanding contemporary Mainland China.
