Fragile X Syndrome: From Diagnosis to Treatment

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Series
: Genetics – Research and Issues
BISAC: EDU026030; MED107000
DOI: https://doi.org/10.52305/KEUN5004

Target Audience: Caregivers, clinicians, speech therapists, professionals, psychologists, neurologists, parents of children with Fragile X syndrome, and teachers may find interesting and stimulating tips and insights for daily use in clinical research and practice, with the dual objective of diagnosis and treatment.

Fragile X syndrome is an inherited disease caused by an excessive length of the FMR protein due to mutations in the FMR1 gene located on the X chromosome. It is commonly described as one of the most common genetic diseases with autism-like behaviors and related developmental disabilities. Beside intellectual delays, behavioral problems, and communication difficulties, mood disorders usually occur. Diagnosis is based on laboratory tests and DNA results. Phenotypes including long and narrow face, large ears, hyper-arched palate, flat feet, ataxia, seizures, anxiety, aggression, and hand-related stereotypic behaviors are frequently observed. Although there is no specific cure, early interventions are highly encouraging, promising, and recommended. Pharmacological treatments may be combined with behavioral and/or cognitive behavioral interventions. Recently, assistive technology-based programs have been implemented.

This volume includes seven chapters and addresses the newest advances in the diagnosis and treatment of individuals with Fragile X syndrome. Chapter One encompasses the molecular features and pathological bases of the disease. A comprehensive literature overview was conducted. The role of the FMR protein was emphasized although few studies evaluated its function. Chapter Two deals with the neuropsychiatric symptoms related to the syndrome. A complete conceptual framework was exhaustively detailed. Chapter Three emphasizes the role of pharmacotherapy in the treatment of Fragile X syndrome. A further literature review was carried out. Clinical relevance was outlined. Chapter Four provides the reader with a conceptual analysis. Besides molecular features, brain development was described. Challenging behaviors were included and the importance of the early combined intervention was critically discussed. Chapters Five, Six, and Seven detailed three case reports on the effectiveness and the suitability of assistive technology-based interventions. Specifically, Chapter Five argued for microswitch-cluster technology focused on pursuing the dual simultaneous goal of promoting an adaptive response (i.e., object manipulation) and reducing a challenging behavior (i.e., hand mouthing). Chapter Six describes a combined microswitch and VOCA program useful to ensure the participant has the choice between independent access to positive stimulation and asking for social interaction. Finally, Chapter Seven includes choice opportunities through an assistive technology-mediated program involving a boy with Fragile X in a functional task.

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Table of Contents

Preface

Chapter 1. Fragile X Syndrome: Pathological Mechanisms and Molecular Bases
(Mónica Alejandra Rosales-Reynoso, Anilú Margarita Saucedo-Sariñana, Mariana Pérez-Coria and Patricio Barros-Núñez – División de Medicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, CMNO, IMSS, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México, et al.)

Chapter 2. Fragile X Syndrome: Common Neuropsychiatric Associations
(Silvina Tonarelli & Zarin Akhter – Psychiatry Department, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, El Paso, Texas, USA, et al.)

Chapter 3. Pharmacotherapy of Fragile X Syndrome
(Maria Jimena Salcedo-Arellano, Ramkumar Aishworiya, Randi Hagerman, Dragana Protic – Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA, et al.)

Chapter 4. General Features and Conceptual Issues on Fragile X Syndrome
(Donatella Ciarmoli & Fabrizio Stasolla – “Giustino Fortunato” University of Benevento, Italy)

Chapter 5. Microswitch-Cluster Technology to Promote Constructive Engagement and Reduce Mouthing in Two Children with Fragile X Syndrome and Developmental Disabilities
(Donatella Ciarmoli & Fabrizio Stasolla – “Giustino Fortunato” University of Benvento, Italy)

Chapter 6. Microswitch and VOCA to Independently Access Positive Stimulation and Ask for Social Interaction in an Adolescent with Fragile X Syndrome and Developmental Disabilities
(Fabrizio Stasolla, Donatella Ciarmoli, & Vincenza Albano – “Giustino Fortunato” University of Benevento (Italy), et al.)

Chapter 7. Promoting Functional Occupation in a Child with Fragile X Syndrome: Effects on Positive Mood
(Fabrizio Stasolla, Vincenza Albano, & Donatella Ciarmoli – Giustino Fortunato University of Benevento, Benevento, Italy, et al.)

About the Editor

Index

 


Editor’s ORCID iD

Fabrizio Stasolla – https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1626-9664

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